أمل عمر بخيت, محمد الشيخ, عبد الرحمن جار النبي عبد الرحمن, منصور فارس حسين

كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة السودان للعلوم والتكنولوجيا · السودان

The serological prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in domestic livestock inSaudi Arabia was studied using two serological tests: indirect enzymelinked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as the main test and indirectimmunofluorescence assay (IFA) as a confirmatory test and for.comparison with ELISAA total of 1970 farm animals of both sexes were tested serologically todetermine the prevalence of C. burnetii specific IgG antibodies usingindirect ELISA. The samples were collected from 489 camel, 428 cattle,630 sheep and 423 goats. The animals were broadly divided into youngand adult animals. All of them were clinically normal when sampled and.none of the adult females was pregnant while some were lactatingA total of 605 animals had anti-C. burnetii IgG antibodies in their sera,giving an overall serological prevalence of Q fever of 30.71% with amean ELISA titre (S/P ratio or O.D.%) of 103.03%. These results indicatethat C. burnetii is common in all species a of farm animals in SaudiArabia. Camels showed the highest proportion of Q fever (C. burnetii)positive sera among all the species tested, with an overall prevalence of51.53%. The second highest serological prevalence was recorded in goats(34.04%), followed by cattle (30.61%) and the least in sheep (12.38%). Inall species, the serological prevalence of anti-C. burnetii antibodies wassignificantly higher in adult compared to young animals (p<0.0001).Females animals tended to be more commonly affected than males;however, statistical analysis revealed non-significant inter-sex difference(p= 0.5847). Antibodies against C. burnetii in domestic livestock werealso investigated using ELISA assay in 285 defatted milk samplesobtained from 48 she-camels, 90 cows, 60 ewes and 87 does. Milksamples from 30 camels (62.5%), 30 cows (33.3%), 24 goats (27.6%) andii3 ewes (5%) were positive for anti-C. burnetii antibodies. Serum samplesfrom the same animals were simultaneously tested by ELISA. Of these,32 camels (66.66%), 38 cows (42.2), 13 goats (14.9%) and 4 ewes(6.67%) were positive for anti-C. burnetii antibodies. Statistical analysisshow a significant correlation between ELISA results in milk and serum.Serum samples from a total of 307 animals, comprising 92 camels, 72cows, 72 sheep and 71 goats, were also subjected simultaneously toindirect immuno-fluorescence (IFA) and ELISA assays. A statisticallysignificant correlation was found between the serological prevalence of Qfever as determined by these two assays. Using ELISA as a referenceserological test, statistical analysis showed that both the sensitivity andspecificity of IFA assays were good, indicating that either ELISA or IFAcan be used for screening Q fever in farm animals or as confirmatory teststo one another. The shedding of C. burnetii by serologically positiveanimals was investigated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), usingprimers that amplify the repetitive transposon-like region of C. burnetii.The study was conducted on 82 whole blood, 72 milk, 29 faecal and 21urine samples collected from camels. In addition, 29 milk samples and 7whole blood samples from cattle, 38 whole blood, 29 milk and 20 faecalsamples from goats and 22 blood samples from sheep were available for.PCR analysisOut of a total of 149 whole blood samples collected from these differentanimal species, 13 samples (15.85%) from camels and 2 samples (5.6%)from goats showed positive amplification for C. burnetii DNA while all22 sheep and 7 bovine blood samples were negative. Out of 144 milksamples collected from camels, cattle and goats, 5 samples (6.49%) fromcamels, 11 samples (28.94%) from cows and 0 samples from goats werepositive for C. burnetii DNA. In addition, faecal samples collected from29 camels and 20 goats revealed positive PCR products from 8 (27.59%)iiiand 12 (60%) samples, respectively. C. burnetii DNA was alsodemonstrated in 5 (23.81%) out of the 21 urine samples collected fromcamels. All sampled subjected to PCR analysis were from serologicallypositive animals with the exception of urine samples which werecollected from slaughtered camels that were not serologically tested foranti-C. burnetii antibodies. Serum samples from known Q fever-positiveand known Q-fever negative animals were used to study the possibleeffects of Q fever on various biochemical and electrolyte parameters. Atotal of 281 serum samples were collected from camels, sheep, goats andcattle. In all species, no significant differences were found betweenQ-fever positive and Q-fever negative animals. However, a fewintra-specific differences existed within each species. The effect of Qfever was also investigated in the levels of anti-oxidant enzymes, namelythiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione(GLUTH). TBARS level was determined in 239 known Q fever-positiveand Q fever-negative animals while GLUTH level was determined in 188known Q fever-positive and Q fever-negative animals. No significantdifferences in TBARS levels were found between Q fever-positive and Qfever negative animals in samples collected from each of goats, camelsand sheep. However, the GLUTH level was found to be significantlyreduced (p<0.002) in Q fever-positive camels as compared to Q fevernegative camels. This enzyme is found in the cytoplasm of almost allmammalian cells, and a reduction in its activity could indicate somedegree of cellular damage. However, further studies are needed to verify.this aspectThis study constitutes the first record of C. burnetii in cattle, sheep andgoats in Saudi Arabia and the second, and more detailed, study on camels.in the country

بهاء الدين كمال جعفر المفتي, حمودي أحمد سعيد

كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة السودان للعلوم والتكنولوجيا · السودان

This study was conducted in Khartoum State to assess the Gram-positive bacterial contamination on mobile phone headsets among universities students.Mobile phone headsets were sampled by mean of sterile cotton swabs moistened in sterile normal saline. The swabs were cultured on nutrient agar to determine bacterial load by Pour Plate Method. The isolated Gram-positive bacteria were identified by colonial morphology, Gram stain and biochemical tests.Out of 200 samples investigated, only 11 (5.5%) showed bacterial growth. The mean bacterial load was ranged from 8X107 to 30X107CFU/ml. Nine (9) Gram-positive bacteria were recovered and the other 2 isolates were Gram- negative bacteria. These were Staphylococcus aureus 6(66.7%), Staphylococcus epidermidis 2(22.2%) and Bacillus sp. 1(1.11%). The distribution of isolated Gram-positive bacteria from mobile phone headsets of students were as follows; 3(33.3%) from University of Khartoum, 2(22.2%) from Sudan University of Science and Technology, 1(11.1%) from Omdurman Islamic University, 2(22.2%) from Al Neelain University and 1(11.1%) Bahry University. Ther were no bacteria isolated from the mobile phone headsets of students from The National Rebat University, Albian college, and Africa International University. Out of the 9 Gram- positive isolates, 6(66.7%) were isolated from female mobile phone headsets and 3(33.3%) were isolated from male mobile phone headsets.The study concluded that the level of contamination of mobile phone headsets is not so high. Potentially pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from mobile phone headsets. Education of students in the importance of cleaning of headsets is highly recommended. Further studies are required to validate the results of the present study.

Zebentout Baya, Asmaa Bensmain

كلية الهندسة الكهربائية-جامعة جيلالي ليابس – سيدي بلعباس · الجزائر

زهرة زراري, صياح الجودي, مريم تيجت

كلية الآداب واللغات-جامعة عبد الرحمان ميرة - بجاية · الجزائر

Ahmet Z. Sahin, Holayil A. Al-Otaibi

كلية الهندسة-جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن · السعودية

A three-dimensional numerical simulation study was conducted to investigate an adiabatic flow behavior and entropy generation through a throttling valve using FLUENT computational fluid dynamics code. A number of numerical trials were carried out to investigate the effect of flow upstream conditions such as temperature, pressure, and velocity as well as the valve position on the fluid dynamic performance of the valve as well as on entropy generation. Two types of fluid were used to perform this study; water and unused engine oil to explore the relationship between viscosity and entropy generation. Other flow characteristics of the fluid flow such as variation of pressure drop, loss and flow coefficients as well as the cavitation index were obtained and compared with the entropy generation which might lead to an in-depth understanding of the flow behavior and irreversibilities inherit in the throttling valve. The total entropy generation rate was predicted using two methods; one by integrating the volumetric entropy generation rate over the volume and the second by using the pressure drop values across the valve. It was observed that the first method was predicting lower values than the second method as a result of the poor mesh at the viscous sublayer near the wall. It was found that the valve position and upstream velocity have the major impact on the pressure drop and entropy generation while the temperature effect was not significant. The loss coefficient and flow coefficient values were obtained at different valve positions and consequently other results were estimated in terms of pressure drop and entropy generation at different upstream conditions.

سائدة عبد الرؤوف نعمان, سماح صالح

كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة النجاح الوطنية · فلسطين

تتناول الدراسة الحاليّة وضع عدد كبير من النساء الفلسطينيات حاملات الهوية الفلسطينية، وجواز السفر الفلسطينيّ اللواتي يتزوجن من فلسطينيّي منطقة 48 (ما وراء الخط الأخضر) من حملة الهوية وجواز السفر الإسرائيليين.تواجه هذه الفئة من النساء عددًا من التحدّيات التي تنتظم في شقين رئيسين:أولاً: تحدّيات الاندماج في مجتمع جديد هو مجتمع الزوج وأهله وبلده ومحيطه إجمالاً بما يحتويه من تفاصيل، ومفاهيم، وعادات وتقاليد؛ بالإضافة إلى نظرته إلى النساء القادمات من الضفة الغربية. وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى تحديد مجموعة من العقبات التي تواجهها النّساء الفلسطينيّيات ضمن سيرورة الاندماج في حيواتهن المستجدّة في بيئات الأزواج تعود إلى عدّة عوامل من أهمّها الاختلاف الثقافيّ والمفاهيميّ والاجتماعيّ والاقتصاديّ بين بيئة مناطق 48 وبيئة الضفة الغربية، فضلاً عن وجود نظرة مُقَولبة وأفكار جاهزة سلبية لكل من شقي الشعب الفلسطيني كل عن الآخر.ثانياً: تحديات الوضع والمكانة القانونية لهؤلاء النساء، حيث يعتبر هذا الوضع أمرًا معقدًا وغير متيسر منذ العام 1999 عندما أصدرت إسرائيل قانون "الإجراء المتدرج" ثمّ بلغ الأمر ذروته عندما صادق مجلس النواب على إقرار ما سمي بـ"قانون المواطنة والدخول إلى إسرائيل – أمر الساعة" عام 2002 والاستمرار بالتصويت عليه سنويا بالإيجاب؛ مما حدا بالكثيرين إلى إعادة التفكير في موضوع الارتباط من أساسه، فالمرأة التي تتزوج في منطقة 48 عليها أن تتوقع أنها لن تحصل على إقامة قانونية، لا سيّما في بداية حياتها وإلى أن تنتظم هذه الإقامة، وبداية معالجة الوضع القانوني لن يبدأ بحال من الأحوال قبل بلوغها 25 عاما، وأنها ستبقى بشكل دائم تحت المجهر والفحص والموافقات، كما أنها معرضة للإبعاد في حالات خاصة كالطلاق والترمل، ولن تدخل أبدًا في مسار للتجنيس في البلد الذي تعيشه، بل ستعيش بقيّة حياتها القادمة كمقيمة مؤقتة، فالنساء أصبحن يعانين معاناة إضافية في السعي السنوي لمرتين أو ثلاث مرات في مكاتب الداخلية، وقبلها في المؤسسات الرسمية التي تثبت أنهن مقيمات في منطقة 48 وأن مركز حياتهن فيها فعليا.في المحصلة تواجه الفلسطينيات القادمات من الضفة الغربية إلى منطقة 48 بالزواج تحدّيات متعدّدة وعلى أكثر من صعيد تؤثّر على وجودهن اليومي واستقرار حياتهنّ واستمرارها، مما يقلقل لديهن الاطمئنان والشعور بالاستقرار.تناولت هذه الدراسة التحدّيات الاجتماعية والقانونية التي تواجهها هؤلاء النساء بالبحث والتحليل بالاستناد إلى المنهج الكيفيّ ونظرية الموقف، واستخدمت المقابلات المعمّقة التي تمّ إجراؤها مع 13 امرأة من الضفّة الغربيّة ممّن تزوّجن من رجال من منطقة 48 كأداة للبحث.لقد خلصت الدراسة إلى وجود عدد من التّحديات التي تعاني منها النساء – محلّ الدراسة – والتي تطال حياتهن اليومية، وكيف أنّها تحدّ من استقلاليتهنّ، وتعرقل من حرية حركتهن وإمكاناتهن للحركة الحرة والتنقل والتعلّم والعمل والتّمكّن الاقتصادي، كما بينت وجود آراء مسبقة وأفكار مقولبة جاهزة عن النساء القادمات من الضفة الغربية.لمست الدراسة أيضا وجود عراقيل في حصول النساء القادمات من الضفة الغربية على الحقوق المدنية والتأمينات المختلفة، كما تطرقت إلى الاستراتيجيات التي تتبعها هؤلاء النساء للحفاظ على البقاء.توصلت الدراسة أيضا إلى وجود معاناة من مخاوف مستقبلية لهؤلاء النساء مصدرها عراقيل مكانتهن القانونية واندماجهن في بيئة الزوج، كما شرحت التداعيات النفسية لكل تلك المخاوف، وتطرّقت إلى كيفيّة وطرائق استجابة النساء لهذه التحديات وجهودهن في الصمود، والحفاظ على وجودهن وأسرهن وسعيهن للتغلب على العقبات التي تواجههن.

أبو الفتوح السيد مراد , سعيد السيد محمد حجي, محمد عيد عبد الحميد السيد, مصطفى محمد رضا خلف

كلية العلوم-جامعة المنيا · مصر

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the interactions between two important soil components, clay minerals and HSs, on the sorption of heavy metals cations under laboratory conditions selected to model the soil systems. The model system used in this study consisted of clay minerals (Kaolinite and Montmorillonite) and an extracted soil humic acid (HA). Cadmium and lead were taken as heavy metal contaminants model. Humic acid extracted from Egyptian soil by using recommended procedures by international Humic Substance Society. HA was characterized using elemental analysis and different spectroscopic methods (NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy) to obtain more information on the chemical structure and function groups of the macromolecule. Kaolinite and Montmorillonite were characterized using elemental analysis by EDAX, calculating the surface area and cation exchange capacity (CEC) value. It was found that, the Si: Al ratio of Kaolinite is 1:1, however in case of Montmorillonite it was 2:1. Moreover, Montmorillonite has higher surface area (35.2 m2/g) and CEC (85 meq/100 g) values than Kaolinite (10 and 4, respectively). The adsorption of soil extracted HA on colloidal-sized clay mineral sparticles was investigated to elucidate how the solution chemistry affects the formation and nature of organic surface coating. A systemic study of the affects of pH and ionic strength on HA adsorption was performed. Humic acid adsorption isotherm followed Langmuir-type (L) curve. The amounts of HA adsorbed onto clay minerals (Kaolinite and Montmorillonite) at high pH and low salt concentration are in a relatively stretched form on the surface and the adsorption was low, however, at low pH and high salt concentration a substantial fraction of the adsorbed HA is collapsed on the surface, which results in a relatively high adsorbed amount. In general, the surface complexation ligand exchange is the most important adsorption mechanism of HA onto the clay minerals (Kaolinite and Montmorillonite) particles regardless of solution chemistry. By using the scanning electron microscope, the clay minerals (Kaolinite and Montmorillonite) particles were studied after adsorption of HA noted that clay minerals particles size increases, this means that HA acts as a binding agent and as nucleus in formation aggregation. Clay minerals (Kaolinite and Montmorillonite) particles were studied by FT IR spectroscopy in presence and absent of HA and this explained that adsorption of HA on clay minerals particles carried out through carboxylic groups. The sorption results of cadmium and lead cations on native clay minerals (Kaolinite or Montmorillonite) and on clay mineral-HA complex’s under different pH and ionic strength, revealed that the adsorption amount decreased in medium of lower pH and higher ionic strength, this refers to the competition of H+ and Na+ for the adsorption sites with Cd (II) and Pb (II). Heavy metals (cadmium and lead) sorption isotherm can be described as linear isotherm at pH = 5.5 but at pH= 6.5, and the adsorption isotherm followed langmuir-type (L)curve in Montmorillonite and Montmorillonite-humic complex particles, but in case of Kaolinite and Kaolinite-humic complex particles, sorption isotherm can be described as Langmuir-type (L) isotherm at pH = 5.5 and 6.5. Also, the results revealed that presence of HA would enhancing the adsorption of heavy metals (cadmium and lead) on clay minerals (Kaolinite and Montmorillonite) under the studied conditions. Also, the results indicated that Pb (II) was more adsorbed than Cd (II) at the same conditions on clay minerals in presence or absence of HA

خولة لعجيل, عبير عوينة, كريمة لعجيل

كلية الاداب واللغات-جامعة محمد بوضياف - المسيلة · الجزائر

AbstractGrammar competence is considered as one of the major language skills which both second andforeign language students need to master in order to communicate. The development of thiscompetence depends on the analysis of the contexts where the different grammatical structures andrules are produced. In other words, students do not need only to acquires the necessary knowledgeabout grammar, but they need also to better understand the ways the grammar rules are used bynative speakers according to each contextual setting. As a result of this view, the presentinvestigation tends to explore the different problems which prohibit students from using theirgrammar competence appropriately. It also tries to investigate whether authentic materials canhelp students use their grammar rules appropriately according to different contexts. This study iscarried out with second year students at the department of English; M’sila university. Threeresearch instruments are used including a classroom observation, a questionnaire, and aninterview. The results collected reveal that the integration of authentic materials when teachinggrammar helps students focus on the analysis of the context before deducing the general use of thegrammar rule. The data indicate that these materials assist students to better understand thedifferent ways a particular grammar rule is used differently by native speakers in the targetcommunity. Therefore, it is recommended that both teachers and students need to incorporate thecontent available in authentic materials when developing grammar competence.

مفيدة ميدون

جامعة الشهيد حمة لخضر - الوادي · الجزائر

وضعت الشريعة الإسلامية إطارا صحيحا وميثاق محكما لحماية النسب، وبالتالي حماية الأسرة والمجتمع. وسار المشرع الجزائري بخطوات موفقة في أحكام قانون الأسرة عموما، وفيما يتعلق بالنسب خصوصا. وبالتالي تجاوب المشرع الجزائري إلى حد بعيد مع مقتضيات التطور العلمي في مجال علم الوراثة وتأثيرها على مسألة النسب لحساسيته وأهمية آثاره، فأقر التشريع الجزائري بعض التقنيات المتعلقة بالنسب كالتلقيح الاصطناعي، وحظر ما يتعلق باستئجار الأرحام. وبقيت بعض الإشكالات تحتاج إلى الفصل فيها. ولما كان أن إثبات النسب يشكل أحد أوجه الاستفادة من علوم الوراثة المعاصر، فإنه من المفيد جدا اعتماد البصمة الوراثية كدليل على ثبوت النسب، لكن بمراعاة الضوابط الشرعية والطبية والقانونية.

Tileli Ahsatal, Djamel Takabait, Lamia Zidane

كلية العلوم الاقتصادية والتجارية والإدارة-جامعة عبد الرحمان ميرة - بجاية · الجزائر

La fiscalité et la comptabilité ont des liens étroits depuis leur apparition. La relation entre ces deux disciplines est caractérisée par la dépendance, mais aussi par l'autonomie, qui peut être relative. C'est en effet en partant du résultat comptable, après modifications comptables, que la fiscalité procède aux différents ajustements permettant de passer du résultat comptable au résultat fiscal. Ces ajustements sont dus aux distorsions existantes entre les règles comptables et les règles fiscales.