روبة روابحي , زهرة روابحي, عمر داود

كلية العلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية-جامعة ابن خلدون – تيارت · الجزائر

تطرقت هذه الدراسة الى موضوع الصراع بين الأجيال وعلاقته بالأداء الوظيفي في احدى المؤسسات الاستشفائية، وقد هدفت الدراسة الى معرفة عوامل الصراع بين الأجيال وأنواعه وأهم الاستراتيجيات المعتمدة في ذلك، وتأثير هذا الصراع بنوعية الظاهر والخفي على الأداء الوظيفي.

زبيدي جهاد, نويبات قدور

كلية العلوم الانسانية والاجتماعية-جامعة قاصدى مرباح ورقلة · الجزائر

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى الكشف عن العلاقة بين تقدير الذات والتوافق المهني لدى عمال مديرية اتصالات الجزائر بورقلة, وقد تم إجراء الدراسة الميدانية حيث تم الاعتماد على المنهج الوصفي، وكان اختيار العينة بطريقة عشوائية ميسرة على عينة بلغ عددها (79) موظفا مديرية اتصالات الجزائر بورقلة ،ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم الاعتماد على أداتين جاهزتين لمتغيرين ( تقدير الذات والتوافق المهني) وذلك بعد التأكد من بعض خصائصها السيكومترية (الصدق والثبات)، لتطبيقها على العينة الأساسية وبعد جمع البيانات وتفريغها تمت المعالجة الإحصائية باستخدام البرنامج الإحصائي في العلوم الإجتماعية (spss) نسخة. 20. و توصلنا إلى النتائج التالية :لا توجد علاقة بين تقدير الذات والتوافق المهني لدى عمال مديرية اتصالات الجزائر بورقلة.لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في درجة تقدير الذات لدى عمال مديرية اتصالات الجزائر بورقلة تعزي لمتغير الجنس.لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في درجة تقدير الذات لدى عمال مديرية اتصالات الجزائر بورقلة تعزي لمتغير الأقدمية.توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في التوافق المهني لدى عمال مديرية اتصالات الجزائر بورقلة تعزي لمتغير الجنس.لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في التوافق المهني لدى عمال مديرية اتصالات الجزائر بورقلة تعزي لمتغير الأقدمية.الكلمات المفتاحية: تقدير الذات , التوافق المهني, عمال مديرية اتصالات الجزائر.The present study aimed at revealing the relationship between self-esteem and professional compatibility among the workers of the Algerian Telecom Directorate in ouargla. The field study was conducted in which the descriptive approach was based on a sample that was easily accessible to a sample of (79) In order to achieve the objectives of the study, we relied on two tools ready for the variables (self-assessment and professional compatibility) after confirming some of the characteristics of the psychometric (honesty and persistence), to apply to the basic sample and after collecting and unloading data was processed statistical using the statistical program in the Social censure (spss) version. 20. We reached the following results:•There is no relationship between self-esteem and professional compatibility among the workers of the Algerian Telecom Directorate of ouargla.•There were no statistically significant differences in the degree of self-esteem among the workers of the Algerian Telecom teleco Directorate of ouargla, which is attributed to the gender variable.•There were no statistically significant differences in the degree of self-esteem among the workers of the Algerian Telecom Directorate of ouargla, in relation to the seniority variable.•There are statistically significant differences in the professional compatibility of the workers of the Algerian Telecom Directorate of ouargla, which is related to the gender variable.•There were no statistically significant differences in the professional compatibility of the workers of the Algerian Telecom Directorate of ouargla due to the seniority variable.Keywords: Self-Esteem, Professional Accomplishments, Algeria Telecom Directorate Workers.

عثمان تاج السر مساعد , مالك النعيم محمد علي , مجدي ميرغني محمد خير أحمد

معهد اسلام المعرفة (امام)-جامعة الجزيرة · السودان

هدفت الدراسة الي معرفة التزام المؤسسات الخدمية ومقدمي الخدمة بثقافة الإتقان في المجتمع المسلم وربط مفهوم الإتقان بثقافة الجودة المنتشرة الآن،إذ ترتبط ثقافة الجودة إرتباط وثيق بثقافة المجتمع المسلم في كل شأنه، وتقديم خدمات متقنة ذات جودة عالية للمجتمع، وحث مقدمي الخدمة علي الاتقان والجودة، وتحسين بيئة العمل وإتباع إساليب الجودة فيما يتصل بتقديم الخدمة والدعوة للتحسين المستمر. تمحورت مشكلة البحث في أن هناك ثقافة غائبة عن أمتنا ومجتمعاتنا، وهي ثقافة الإتقان، أن نعمل العمل على أحسن وجه، وأتم ما يكون حتي تغيرت نظرة المجتمع ومقدم الخدمة من إعتبارها مهمة إنسانية وواجب أقره الشرع إبتغاء لمرضاة الله ووجهه الكريم الي الحدود المادية الضيقة مما أدى إلى إشاعة ثقافة عدم الإتقان. ذهبت فرضيات البحث الي وجود تردي وتقصيرفي تقديم الخدمات للمجتمع المسلم نتيجة لعدم تمسك المجتمع بموجهات الشرع وعدم استناد مقدمي الخدمات علي دوافع دينية وعدم اختيار العاملين بدقة وفق القيم الاسلامية مع عدم استخدام اساليب تطوير الجودة في المؤسسات الخدمية وعدم الاهتمام بالرضا الوظيفي أو رضا متلقي الخدمة وغياب التدريب. إستهدفت الدراسة عدد (7) مؤسسات خدمية مملوكة للدولة ذات درجة إتصال عالي بالجمهور تقدم خدمات مختلفة للمجتمع . ركزت الدراسة علي جانب جودة تقديم الخدمة للمجتمع اي كان نوعها وإستهدفت إستقراء آراء مقدمي الخدمة عن طريق الإستبانة. إتبعت الدراسة إسلوب المنهج الوصفي التحليلي للبيانات بأستخدام برنامج الحزم الإحصائية Spss وقد خلصت الدراسة الي نتائج تعبر عن وجود تردي وتقصير في تقديم الخدمات للمجتمع وذلك لبعد المجتمع عن التمسك بموجهات الشرع، وغياب الأمان والرضا الوظيفي بجانب عدم إهتمام المؤسسات الخدمية برضا متلقي الخدمة، عدم إختيار العاملين في مجال تقديم الخدمات وفق مواصفات خاصة لايتم التركيز علي أصحاب المواهب والقدرات، وعدم التزام المدراء بتطبيق الجودة وتحريك دوافع العاملين نحو تقديم خدمات متقنة وخلق ثقافة الأداء العالي في الموسسة ، تعثر استخدام أدوات الجودة وضمان وتاكيد جودة الخدمة وغياب تصميم واضح لعملية تقديم الخدمة ،لاتولي المؤسسات الخدمية إهتمام كبير بتدريب مقدمي الخدمة ولاتقوم بعمل إستراتجية واضحة لتحديد الاحتياجات التدريبية. قدمت الدراسة بعض التوصيات للمؤسسات الخدمية بتغيير نظرتها لعملية تقديم الخدمة، نشر ثقافة الاتقان كواجب وإلتزام من الفرد المسلم نحو مجتمعه، استخدام اساليب تطوير جودة الخدمات، التركيزعلي العملاء . والإهتمام بعملية التدريب.

Amina Kada Benchaib, Hanen Si Ali, Rym Allal

كلية الآداب واللغات والعلوم الاجتماعية-جامعة عين تموشنت - بلحاج شعيب · الجزائر

The following research work seeks to clarify the role of literary texts (LT) to motivate third year students at Belhadj Bouchaib University Centre to learn English as a Foreign Language (EFL). The present work aims at emphasizing the use of literary texts(LT)such as poems and short stories to teach the main language skills which are reading and writing, listening and speaking as well as language areas such as vocabulary,grammar, and pronunciation. It seems that the four language skills benefit greatly from the use of different genres of LTmainly poetry, drama, and novels among other genres. To reach this aim, mixed methods encompassing quantitative and qualitative data is used. Two main research instruments are included to gather as much data as possible to support the study under investigation which are: questionnaire and classroom observation. Accordingly, the findings revealed that the majority of students are inspired by LT, besides most of teachers motivate their students through literature to better learn EFL. Additionally, most of teachers and students had positive attitudes toward the use of literature in the academic contexts. Therefore, it should be given much importance because of its positive impact.

محمد أبو صفط, نزيه علي محمد العدرة

كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة النجاح الوطنية · فلسطين

تناولت هذه الدراسة جيومورفولوجية حوض التصريف النهري الأعلى من وادي الخليل، فقد تم دراسة العوامل الطبيعية في منطقة الدراسة؛ لتحديد دورها في التشكيل الجيومورفولوجي للمنطقة.وتضمنت هذه الدراسة ما يلي:1- دراسة العوامل المناخية من حرارة وأمطار، باعتبارها من أهم العوامل التي تسهم في تشكيل المنطقة جيومورفولوجيا من خلال ما تقوم به هذه العوامل من تجوية وتعرية.2- دراسة العوامل الحيوية وتحليل آثارها في رسم صورة بعض المعالم الجيومورفولوجية لمنطقة الدراسة.3- تحليل دور العوامل الجيولوجية من طيات وصدوع وتكوينات صخرية في تشكيل مظاهر السطح الطبيعية في المنطقة.4- تصنيف الأشكال الجيومورفولوجية حسب عوامل نشأتها إلى ثلاثة أنماط كبرى كما يلي:أ) أشكال جيومورفولوجية ذات منشأ صدعي.ب) أشكال جيومورفولوجية ناجمة عن البنيات الأفقيةج) أشكال جيومورفولوجية ناجمة عن عوامل التشكيل الخارجية وتشمل:·الأشكال الناتجة عن الحت والتعرية.·الأشكال الناتجة عن الارساب والتراكم.·الأشكال الكارستية.5- تحليل خصائص الشبكة المائية ودراسة خصائصها المورفومترية، فقد تبين أن خصائص هذه الشبكة ترتبط بظروف البنية الجيولوجية من طيات وصدوع وشقوق، حيث عملت الشقوق على توجيه شبكة التصريف المائي في المنطقة، كما تم تطبيق بعض المقاييس والمعادلات الرياضية المستخدمة في التحليل الكمي في مثل هذا النوع من الدراسات.6- دراسة بعض جوانب الجيومورفولوجيا التطبيقية، تمثلت في تحليل أثر الانحدارات على أنماط استخدام الأرض في منطقة الدراسة.وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج منها: أن نشأة وادي الخليل تعود إلى الفترة الممتدة من الأوليغوسين وحتى البلايستوسين، كما تمكنت الدراسة من قياس درجة تقوس المنعطف النهري من خلال العلاقة بين مدى المنعطف وموجة المنعطف.كما أوصت الدراسة بضرورة إجراء بعض الدراسات في منطقة الدراسة في الجوانب البيئة والهيدرولوجية.

Amira Cherif, Jouda Mediouni Ben Jemâa

المعهد الوطني للعلوم الفلاحية - تونس-جامعة قرطاج · تونس

Les cécidomyies des céréales sont considérées parmi les principaux ravageurs du blé, de l’orge et de l’avoine dans la plupart des régions céréalières du monde. Ces ravageurs causent des dégâts considérables à ces cultures tant sur la biomasse que sur le rendement. Au cours de ce présent travail, des prospections ont été réalisées, durant 3 campagnes agricoles successives, afind’identifier et d’étudier la distribution des différentes espèces de cécidomyies dans les champs céréaliers du nord tunisien. L’étude de la bio-écologie de ces insectes ravageurs, l’impact de leurs dégâts sur les plantes infestées ainsi que l’évaluation de quelques méthodes de lutte contre ces cécidomyies ont été aussi les objectifs de ce travail de thèse. Suite à une caractérisation moléculaire, moyennant deux séquences de l’ADN mitochondrial, le cytochrome oxydase cet l’ADNr16S, 3 espèces de cécidomyies ont été identifiées comme infestant les céréales au nord tunisien: la cécidomyie du blé ou la mouche de Hesse Mayetiola destructor (Say, 1817), la cécidomyie à galle de l’orge Mayetiola hordei (Kieffer, 1909) et la cécidomyie de l’avoine Mayetiolaavenae(Marchal, 1895). Ces 3 espèces de cécidomyies sont largement distribuées dans toutes les régions céréalières du nord prospectées: Bizerte, Béjà, Zaghouan, Siliana et Kef,mais avec des fréquences, des taux d’infestation et des incidences plus élevées dans les régions de semi-aride comparés aux régions de subhumide. Durant les 3 années d’études, les taux d’infestations les plus importants ont été observés dans la région de Zaghouan. D’un autre côté, M.hordeis’est montrée comme l’espèce de cécidomyie la plus prédominante au nord tunisien. Le suivie de la dynamique de population de ces trois espèces de cécidomyies a montré quele temps d’apparition des adultes, leur densité de population et la durée des différents stades de leur développement diffèrent d’une espèce à une autre, d’une année à une autre et d’une région à une autre. Ces différences sont fortement dépendantes des conditions climatiques, essentiellement la température et la pluviométrie. En effet, les fortes précipitations (>70 mm par mois) peuvent réduire l’effectif des cécidomyies. De même, les faibles et les fortes températures peuvent diminuer le taux d’émergence des adultes des cécidomyies comme observé chez M. destructor. En effet chez la cécidomyie du blé à une température inférieure à 13°C l’émergence des adultes de cet insecte est faible à nulle parfois. En outre, une température supérieure à 23°C provoque l’entrée en diapause estivale chez ces ravageurs. Cependant, le nombre de générationset le cycle évolutif de ces insectes restent fondamentalement les mêmes. Chez les trois espèces de cécidomyies M. destructor, M.hordeiet M.avenae, 3 générations sont observées annuellement sur les cultures du blé, d’orge et d’avoine. Les deux premières générations sont complètes avec la deuxième considérée comme la plus importante et une troisième génération incomplète où on n’aperçoit pas d’émergence d’adultes. En effet, une fois la température est élevée (à partir de 23°C), les cécidomyies entrent en diapause estivale et passent l’été sous forme de pupes. L’évaluation de l’impact des cécidomyies sur les paramètres du rendement des céréales a montré que pour toutes les espèces céréalières étudiées, l’hauteur des plantes est le paramètre le plus touché suivi par l’indice de tallage et puis la biomasse sèche. L’étude de la cooccurrence des deux espèces M.hordei et M.destructor sur l’orgea montré que M. hordei est présente toute l’année sur cette culture, alors que M.destructor n’est aperçue qu’à partir du mois de mars. Dans une dernière partie, cette étude s’est intéressée à évaluer quelques moyens de lutte afin de contrôler et de minimiser les populations de ces insectes ravageurs. Des essais d’identification des sources de résistanceont montré que les variétés du blérenfermant les gènes H22, H25 et H26 sont résistantes à l’égard du biotype tunisien de la mouche de Hesse. D’un autre côté la variété d’orge Kounouz s’est montrée la moins attaquée par M. hordei par rapport aux autres variétés testées. Pour la lutte culturale, notre étude a montré qu’un semis de saison du blé et de l’orge est préconisé en Tunisie afin de minimiser les populations des cécidomyies. En effet, plus on retarde le semis plus l’infestation, le taux d’incidence et la gravité des dégâts infligés par les cécidomyies sur ces céréales sont élevées. De même, une rotation biennale avec un semis direct du blé semble être une bonne combinaison pour réduire le taux d’infestation du blé dur par la mouche de Hesse. Les résultats de cette présente étude peuvent contribuer d’une manière capitale à la mise au point et à la réussite d’une stratégie de lutte contre les cécidomyies des céréales afin de mieux gérer leurs populations et limiter leurs dégâts.

Messaoudene Louenes, Harrache Mounir , سهام براحرة

كلية العلوم الاقتصادية والتجارية والإدارة-جامعة عبد الرحمان ميرة - بجاية · الجزائر

L'intérêt de ce mémoire de master est d'explorer les Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC) mises à la disposition des services Ressources Humaines (RH). Après une revue de la littérature, nous présenterons les résultats d'une étude empirique conduite au sein de l'entreprise Sonatrach.L'objectif principal est de comprendre le rôle des nouvelles technologies sur la gestion des RH, en mettant en lumière les applications de l'E-GRH au sein de l'organisation et en analysant les changements qui en résultent. ? travers l'étude de cas, nous envisageons de mettre en lumière les grandes lignes du processus d'appropriation des nouveaux outils technologiques (la plateforme e-learning, ERP SAP), ce qui va nous permettre de situer le rôle et la place de ces nouveaux outils dans la gestion des ressources humaines au sien de Sonatrach.

سمية الهادي, مفيدة عجرود

معهد الآداب واللغات-المركز الجامعي عبد الحفيظ بو الصوف · الجزائر

آسية امباركي, عبدالوهاب داخية

كلية الآداب واللغات الأجنبية-جامعة باتنة 2 - الشهيد مصطفى بن بولعيد · الجزائر

إبراهيم حسين السكري, أحمد إسماعيل أحمد عبد العال, حسين الظاهر جمعة, عبد العزيز بسيوني المنشاوي

كلية الزراعة-جامعة الاسكندرية · مصر

The study included two groups of field experiments: Effects of irrigation, nitrogen, and biofertilizer on soil and plant. Effect of irrigation, nitrogen, and farmyard manure on soil and plant. These experiments were planned as follows: The main treatment was the irrigation regime: i. Normal irrigation (NI), which received 100% of the ETpan, and the number of irrigations was seven. ii. Deficit irrigation (DI), which was carried out by reducing the number of irrigations to five. The sub-main treatments were nitrogen fertilizer application: Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at the following three rates: i. N0: the control ii. N30: application of 30 kg N/fed iii. N60: application of 60 kg N/fed iv. N90: application of 90 kg N/fed The sub-sub main treatments included two different fertilizer sources: i. Biofertilizer (B): Biofertilizer treatments included untreated seeds (B0) and treated seeds (B1) with serialin (for the first experiment). ii. Farmyard manure (FYM): The treatments were without (FYM0) and with 20 m³/fed treatments (FYM1) application (for the second experiment). The experimental design was split-split plots with four replicates. Treatments of the first experiment were irrigation, nitrogen, and biofertilizer treatments, and of the second experiment were irrigation, nitrogen, and farmyard manure treatments. The area of the plot was 7m * 6m (42m²). The seeds of wheat were planted in December 2007 and harvested in May 2008. The base fertilization of all soil plots was carried out during land preparation with the application of superphosphate fertilizer (12.5% P₂O₅) at a rate of 30 kg P₂O₅/fed, and potassium sulphate (49% K₂O) at a rate of 24 kg K₂O/fed. Irrigation was carried out using fresh water from the El-Nubaria canal. Sampling of soils (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm) was carried out before cultivation, after 30 days, 75 days, and 152 days from planting, and before each irrigation to determine moisture content. These samples are defined as at tillering, heading, and harvest growth stages. The soil chemical analyses were carried out for the determination of the amounts of available macronutrients (N, P, and K). The soil biochemical analyses were carried out to determine the SMBC, SMBN, and SR. Sampling of plants was carried out at the three growth stages for the determination of growth parameters: fresh weight, dry weight, straw, grain yields, and also the concentrations of N, P, and K in plant organs. Fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency (FNUE), nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE), nitrogen harvest index (NHI), irrigation water utilization efficiency (IWUtE), and water use efficiency (WUE) were calculated. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using SAS Software Statistical Packages and are summarized in the following paragraphs. 5.1 Effect of Irrigation, Nitrogen, and Biofertilizer (The First Experiment): 5.1.1 Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen: The results obtained showed significant increases in the amounts of available N in soil samples collected at tillering, heading, and harvest growth stages with increasing rates of applied N. The amount of available N was generally higher in soil samples of the upper layer than in those of the lower layer. However, there were no significant interaction effects between rates of applied N and irrigation (NI and DI) treatments on the amounts of available N in soil samples at the three growth stages. The amounts of available N in soil samples decreased with proceeding plant growth and were, as overall mean values, 44.8, 39.2, and 33.6 mg N/kg in soil samples of the upper layer collected at tillering, heading, and harvest growth stages, respectively. The results showed no significant variations in the amounts of available P, K, and the amounts of O.M. in soil samples with nitrogen and irrigation treatments at the three growth stages. The results showed significant increases in the levels of SMBC, SMBN, and SR with increasing rates of applied N for both soil samples of the upper and lower layers collected at the three growth stages. It is also clear that the levels of SMB, in general, were almost higher in soils of the upper layer than in those of the lower layer. The data also showed that higher levels of SMBC were found in soil samples collected at heading (overall mean value of 314.5 mg C/kg soil) than at tillering (overall mean value of 294.8 mg C/kg soil), while those at harvest were the lowest (overall mean value of 170.5 mg C/kg soil). The levels of SMBN were the highest in soils collected at tillering (overall mean value of 173.8 mg N/kg soil) and the lowest at harvest (overall mean value of 82.3 mg N/kg soil), while at heading, they were moderate (overall mean value of 123.9 mg N/kg soil). The results also showed significant increases in the levels of SR with increasing rates of applied N, and these levels were higher in soil samples of the upper layer than in those of the lower layer. Also, there were no significant variations in the levels of SR due to irrigation regime treatments. The data also showed that the levels of SR were higher at heading (overall mean value of 160.5 mg C/kg soil) than at tillering (overall mean value of 137.9 mg C/kg soil), while those at harvest were the lowest (overall mean value of 111.6 mg C/kg soil). The fresh and dry weights of the above-ground parts of wheat plants at tillering and harvest growth stages increased significantly with increasing rates of applied N. In addition, there were significant interaction effects between rates of applied N and irrigation treatments on the dry weights of wheat plants at the three growth stages. However, plants subjected to deficit irrigation (DI) had lower values than those subjected to normal irrigation (NI). The straw and grain yields significantly increased with increasing rates of applied N, and there were significant interaction effects between N application and irrigation regime treatments on the straw and grain yields. The straw and grain yields were significantly higher with NI treatment than with DI treatment. There were significant increases in the concentrations of N, P, and K in the above-ground parts of wheat plants at the three growth stages with increasing rates of applied N. There were significant interaction effects between irrigation treatments and N application on the concentrations of these elements in plants. There were also significant increases in the concentrations of N, P, and K in the grain of wheat with increasing rates of applied N. However, there were no significant interaction effects between N application and irrigation treatments on the concentration of N and P in the grain. These results also indicated that the uptakes of N, P, and K by the straw and grain increased with increasing rates of applied N. There were pronounced decreases in the values of FNUE and NUtE by wheat plants with increasing rates of applied N. However, there were no marked variations in the values of NHI with increasing rates of applied N. In addition, the values of FNUE were generally higher with NI plants than DI plants, while the opposite was found with NUtE, while there were no marked variations between NI plants and DI plants for NHI. With respect to IWUtE, their values increased with increasing rates of applied N from 0.50 kg grain/m³ (N0 treatment) to 1.14 kg grain/m³ (N90 treatment). The values of IWUtE were generally higher with DI (mean value of 0.89 kg grain/m³) than NI (mean value of 0.83 kg grain/m³) treatments. Also, the values of WUE increased with increasing rates of applied N from 0.88 kg grain/m³ (N0 treatment) to 1.90 kg grain/m³ (N90 treatment). The values of WUE were generally higher with DI (mean value of 1.29 kg grain/m³) than NI (mean value of 1.47 kg grain/m³) treatments. 5.1.2 Effect of Irrigation and Biofertilizer: The results showed no significant increases in the amounts of available N, P, and K in soils collected at the three growth stages due to irrigation treatment and biofertilizer application. Also, there were no significant interaction effects between irrigation treatments and biofertilizer application on the amounts of available N, P, and K in soil samples. The results also showed no significant increases in the amounts of O.M. in soil samples due to irrigation regime treatments and biofertilizer application. Also, there were no significant interaction effects between irrigation and biofertilizer treatments on the amounts of O.M. in soils. With respect to SMB, there were significant increases in the levels of SMBC, SMBN, and SR as a result of irrigation and biofertilizer treatments in soil samples collected at the three growth stages. However, there were no significant interaction effects between irrigation regime and biofertilizer treatment on SMBC, SMBN, and SR. It is clear from the obtained results that the levels of SMBC, SMBN, and SR were almost higher in soil samples of the upper layer than in those of the lower layer. The results also showed that the level of SMB was influenced by the growth stage of wheat plants. Thus, the levels of SMBC were higher in soil samples (0-20 cm) collected at heading (mean values of 314.5 mg C/kg soil) than at tillering (mean values of 294.8 mg C/kg soil), while those at harvest were the least (mean value of 170.5 mg C/kg soil). On the other hand, the levels of SMBN in soil samples of (0-20 cm) collected at tillering were higher (mean values of 173.9 mg N/kg soil) than those at heading (mean values of 123.9 mg N/kg soil) and at harvest (mean value of 82.3 mg N/kg soil). However, the levels of SR were higher in soil samples (0-20 cm) collected at heading (mean value of 160.5 mg CO₂/kg soil) than at tillering (mean value of 137.9 mg CO₂/kg soil) and at harvest (mean values of 111.6 mg CO₂/kg soil). The results showed no significant variations in the concentrations of N, P, and K in the above-ground parts of plants at the three growth stages as a result of irrigation and biofertilizer application. The same effects were found with respect to the concentration of N, P, and K in the grain. The amounts of N, P, and K uptake by straw and grain increased markedly with biofertilizer application and were higher in plants subjected to NI than DI irrigation. The values of IWUtE were markedly higher in plants subjected to DI than in plants subjected to NI. There was also a marked effect due to biofertilizer application on IWUtE (mean value of 0.88 kg grain/m³) as compared with the untreated (mean value of 0.84 kg grain/m³). Also, there were marked effects of biofertilizer treatments on the values of WUE. As mean values, it increased from 1.29 kg grain/m³ (FYM0) to 1.48 kg grain/m³ (FYM1). 5.1.3 Effect of Nitrogen and Biofertilizer: The obtained results showed significant increases in the amounts of available N in soil with increasing rates of applied N, while those of P and K were not significantly affected. This has been found in soil samples of the upper and lower layers. Also, there were no significant interaction effects between nitrogen and biofertilizer treatments on the amounts of available N, P, and K in soil. There were no significant variations in the amounts of O.M. due to the application of nitrogen and biofertilizer in both soils of the upper and lower layers. The results showed significant increases with increasing rates of applied N and biofertilizer treatment. The levels of SMBC were almost higher in soil samples of the upper layer than in those of the lower layer. The highest levels of SMBC were recorded in soil samples at the heading growth stage (mean value of 314.5 mg C/kg soil), while the lowest were found in soil samples at harvest (mean value of 170.5 mg C/kg soil), and the moderate at tillering (mean value of 294.8 mg C/kg soil). There were positive significant interaction effects between N application and biofertilizer treatment on the levels of SMBC in soil samples of the upper layers. It is generally clear that biofertilizer treatment significantly increased the level of SMBC from 207.0 to 382.6, from 215.2 to 413.7, and from 114.5 to 226.5 mg C/kg soil at tillering, heading, and harvest growth stages, respectively. The levels of SMBN increased significantly with increasing rates of applied N and were higher in soil samples of the upper layer than in those of the lower layer. Also, biofertilizer treatment significantly increased the levels of SMBN in the upper layer. There were no significant interaction effects between N application and biofertilizer on the levels of SMBN in the upper layer. The levels of SR significantly increased with increasing rates of applied N in both soil layers. However, there were no significant effects on the level of SR due to biofertilizer treatment. There were also no significant interaction effects between N application and biofertilizer treatment on the level of SR. The results also showed that the levels of SR were generally higher at heading than at harvest and moderate at tillering growth stage. The results obtained showed that the fresh, dry weight, straw, and grain yield of wheat plants had significantly increased with increasing rates of applied N. However, there were significant interaction effects between N application and biofertilizer treatments on the fresh and dry weights of plants at the three growth stages, and also, there were significant interaction effects between N application and biofertilizer on the straw and grain yield of wheat. The concentrations of N, P, and K in the above-ground parts of plants increased significantly with increasing rates of applied N. There were positive significant variations of N concentration in plants due to N application treatments at the heading growth stage. Also, the concentration of N, P, and K in the grain increased with increasing rates of applied N, while there were no significant effects due to biofertilizer treatments. The amounts of N, P, and K taken up by wheat plants increased with increasing rates of applied N, in both straw and grain. Biofertilizer treatments improved the concentrations of N, P, and K in grain, while this effect was not clear in straw except with K. However, the total N, P, and K uptake in plants was markedly increased with biofertilizer treatment. 5.2 Effect of Irrigation, Nitrogen, and Farmyard Manure (The Second Experiment): 5.2.1 Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen: The obtained results showed that the application of N fertilizer significantly increased the amount of available N in soil samples at the three growth stages of wheat plants. However, there were no significant effects between N application and irrigation treatments on the amounts of available N in soils. It is also clear that the amount of available N in soil samples decreased with proceeding plant growth. The results also showed that the application of N fertilizer had no significant effects on both the amounts of available P and K and the amounts of O.M. in soil samples at the three growth stages of wheat plants. On the other hand, soil microbial biomass expressed as SMBC, SMBN, and SR significantly increased with N application. However, there were no significant interaction effects between N application and irrigation treatment on the levels of SMB in soil samples at the three growth stages of wheat plants The level of SMB was almost higher in soil samples of the upper layer than in those of the lower layer. The levels of SMBC were higher in soil samples at heading than at tillering and harvest growth stages (mean values of 315.2, 288.6, and 202.0 mg C/kg soil, respectively). The same trend was found for SR. However, the levels of SMBN were higher at tillering than at heading and harvest. The fresh and dry weights of wheat plants increased significantly with increasing rates of applied N with NI and DI irrigation. There were also significant interaction effects between N application and irrigation treatments on the fresh and dry weights of wheat plants at the three growth stages. The same effects were recorded for straw yield and grain yield. The results showed that the application of N fertilizer significantly increased the concentration of N in the above-ground parts of plants at the three growth stages. However, there were no significant interaction effects between N application and irrigation treatments on the concentration of N in plants. Also, the application of N had no significant effects on the concentration of P and K in plants at tillering and heading growth stages. Also, the application of N fertilizer significantly increased the concentration of N, P, and K in the grain of wheat. However, there were no significant interaction effects between N application and irrigation regime treatments on the concentration of these elements in the grain. The amounts of N, P, and K taken up by the straw and grain markedly increased with increasing rates of applied N. It seems also that NI irrigation increased nutrient contents in the straw and grain, which were markedly higher than those of plants subjected to DI irrigation. The values of fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency (FNUE) of wheat plants decreased with increasing rates of applied N from 55.3 to 27.4 with N30 to N90 in plants subjected to NI and decreased from 46.0 to 23.6 with N30 to N90 in plants subjected to DI irrigation. This points out the role of N in improving FNUE under deficit irrigation. Also, the values of NUtE decreased with increasing rates of applied N with NI and DI irrigation. However, the values of NUtE were higher in plants subjected to DI than to NI at each rate of applied N, which were 54.7 and 50.2, 47.8 and 43.4, 46.3 and 42.2, and 45.1 and 42.2 with N0, N30, N60, and N90 treatments, respectively. Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) of wheat plants increased with NI irrigation from 70.2 (N0 treatment) to 73.5 (N90 treatment), while at DI irrigation, these values increased from 70.1 (N0 treatment) to 73.1 (N90 treatment). The data showed the role of N under irrigation deficit for improving N fertilization by plants. The values of IWUtE increased with increasing