عجابي الياس, هـــاشمـــي سمــــاعين

كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية-جامعة محمد بوضياف - المسيلة · الجزائر

الجريمة هي الإتيان أو الامتناع عن فعل مجرّم، و ظاهرة الجريمة غالبا ما تتأثر بتطور المجتمعات، فقد كان للتطور العلمي أثر سلبي فيما يخص الجريمة، فأصبح وسيلة مساعدة لارتكاب الجريمة وانتشارها من البيئة المحلية إلى الإقليمية ثم الدولية، و هو ما جعل الجريمة تتحول من جريمة محلية إلى جريمة عالمية لا تتأثر بالحدود الإقليمية المكانية والزمانية، فتشابكت فيه العلاقات وتشعبت بين مجموعات الإجرام، فترسخت أواصر التعاون بين المجرمين عبر قارات المعمورة، فتغلبت الجرائم ذات الصبغة الاقتصادية على جرائم تلك الجماعات مثل تجارة المخدرات، الاتجار بالبشر وغيرها.هذه الجرائم الحديثة ذات الصبغة الاقتصادية، انتشرت على نطاق واسع، وأديرت بتخطيط محترف، وتحت إشراف مختصين في شكل تنظيم متدرج، يقومون بأعمالهم تحت التهديد والعنف والفساد، وشكلت هذه الجرائم نمط واحد أطلق عليه تسمية الجريمة المنظمة العابرة للحدود.وقصد التصدي لآثار هذه الجرائم المستحدثة، تم وضع آليات لمكافحتها وتنوعت بين آليات متعلقة بالأشخاص وآليات متعلقة بالأحكام، إلى جانب إنشاء هيئات دولية وإقليمية عهد إليها بمكافحة الجريمة المنظمة.لكن على الرغم من تكاثف جهود المجتمع الدولي لمحاربة الجريمة المنظمة، والقضاء عليها أو على الأقل الحد من انتشارها، إلا أن كل تلك المحاولات باءت بالفشل نتيجة وجود مجموعة من الإشكالات التي أعاقت التنسيق والتعاون الدولي لمكافحة هذه الجريمة، وهو موضوع بحثنا هذا.

Hassan Qjidaa, Mostafa Chakir

كلية العلوم - ظهر المهراز - فاس-جامعة سيدي محمد بن عبدالله - فاس · المغرب

La conception d’un capteur monolithique à pixel actif MAPS exprime des exigences strictes de performance notamment celles relatives au convertisseur analogique-numérique (CAN) et numérique-analogique (CNA). Ce travail concerne la conception et l’optimisation de deux nouvelles architectures CAN flash 4 bits à colonne parallèle et CNA à sources du courant. La première partie de ce travail traite l’intégration d’un bloc échantillonneur-bloqueur E/ B dans l’architecture du convertisseur afin d’augmenter la sensibilité de ce dernier pour détecter des signaux de faible amplitude et fournir au convertisseur assez de temps pour coder le signal d’entrée. La conception du CAN a été réalisée dans un processus 0,18 μm CMOS avec un pas de pixel de 35 μm. Le MAPS est composé d’une matrice de 64 lignes et de 48 colonnes où chaque colonne CAN couvre une petite surface de 35 × 336.76 μm2. Le CAN ainsi proposé répond aux contraintes de dissipation de puissance, de taille et de vitesse : une faible consommation avec une alimentation de 1,8 V et un taux d'échantillonnage de 100Me/s avec une plage dynamique de 125 mV. Son DNL et INL sont respectivement compris entre 0.0812 / -0.0787 LSB et 0.0811 / -0.0787 LSB. En outre, ce CAN peut fonctionner à des fréquences d'échantillonnage élevées autour de 5 GHz. Les convertisseurs numériques-analogiques (CNAs) forment l’élément de rétroaction dans le convertisseur analogique-numérique à approximation successive (CNA SAR) en mode de courant (MC). La non-linéarité dans le CNA dégrade directement la linéarité du SAR MC à basse et moyenne fréquence. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire de concevoir des CNAs hautement linéaires lorsqu’ils sont utilisés dans le SAR MC en haute performance. La deuxième partie de ce travail s’inscrit dans ce cadre et porte sur la proposition de deux nouvelles architectures d’un Convertisseur Numérique Analogique CNA à source du courant. La première concerne un CNA à 6 bits et la deuxième, plus performante, concerne un CNA à 4 bits optimisée par l’ajout de deux circuits RC à l’entrée de chaque grille des miroirs du courant. Les deux architectures fonctionnant avec une fréquence xviii d’échantillonnage plus de 10 MHz et une tension d’alimentation de 1,8 V, simulée dans la technologie 0,18 μm CMOS. Les simulations réalisées conduisent d’une part à de faibles erreurs de non-linéarité différentielle statique (DNL) et aussi à de faibles erreurs intégrales de non linéarité (INL) d’autre part à une faible dissipation de puissance et une petite surface. Elles témoignent des bonnes performances des architectures proposées.

أكرم المرعي, علاء زكريا جبلاوي

كلية الهندسة المعلوماتية-جامعة حمص · سوريا

لزعر مختار, مفلاح بن عبد الله

كلية الأدب العربي والفنون-جامعة عبد الحميد بن باديس مستغانم · الجزائر

The correlation between the text and the interpretation is adjustedaccording to two major paradigms: the former is reflected by a trust thatlanguage is no more than a representation of the writer’s spirit and the spirit ofthe time. The latter is that there is a certain fusion between the text and thewriter, the writer and the reader, and the pieces of the text itself so as all of thetext, the writer and the reader, become prospects for a single image.It is worth mentioning that the human being in fact moves in an infinite orbitof interpretations, and not in an orbit of signs which internal and externalsubsistence could be close to some interpretation’s transactions, and it is inreality assessments for the mind’s part in what it perceives as signs varyingaccording to the different occasions and contexts, something that givespotential to this statement to end the disagreement around the dichotomy ofText/ Interpretation to make both parts of the dichotomy two faces of thesame coin, for the reason that there is no text to be interpreted but there is aninterpretation to be reinterpreted.Thus, methodology and the real world seem to be in contradiction in manycontexts, each wants to control the other on the level of definition ordescription, a matter that makes the majority of interpreters pay closerattention to the case of dichotomy gathering such propositions, that they aredichotomies which do fit to go with the nature of the speech act, on theprinciple that the speaker sees the interaction from a double single angle. Aslong as he knows perfectly that his existentialist and cognitive judgments areconnected to the receiver’s horizon in shape and content, and that is whatmakes communication a give and take; both speaker and hearer need eachother.It is an effort to unravel the problem posed already in the past in the form ofa reflection we think it is capable to take a generous share to embark in, andadopt this rationale, what pushed us to call it as it fellows: Coranic Discourse inthe light of interpretation methods» The Greatest Interpretative Sample”To understand the problematic of explanation and interpretation in theIslamic heritage, one should make the difference between two readingsexperiments for the coranic discourse represented by two generations ofinterpreters; the first of them was satisfied with the single meaning of twoterms and treated them on the basis of synonymy. However, the secondgeneration put the terms apart according to the text and the opinion. Thus, in aquest for meaning, the interpretation of Coran (7th verse of Aal Omraan) hadbeen the precursor for a renewal of paradigms of interpretation.Indeed Fakhr Arrazi’s readings obey different methods and practicalmanipulations, all of which based on the rationalist proof. His work, consciousof its limitations related to his impotency next to the perfect and absoluteCoran, he refers to reason as the efficient tool and the measure to guaranteeand serve the truth. He exploited the Arabic heritage with its various culturesand philosophies and framed an important background on which theinterpretation of the coranic text could benefit extensively.

سلام ناجي باقر الغضبان, غفران خزعل دحيلس

كلية التربية الاساسية-جامعة ميسان · العراق

عبير بوغازي, فاطمة الزهراء وشتاتي, فاطمة بن يوب

كلية الاقتصاد والعلوم التجارية والإدارية-جامعة 8 ماي 1945 قالمة · الجزائر

أصبحت عولمة أسواق المال من أبرز ظواهر التطور العالمي، إذ تعتبر الناتج الأساسي لعمليات التحرير المالي الذي يؤدي إلى تكامل وإرتباط الأسواق المالية المحلية بالأسواق المالية الدولية بواسطة تكنولوجيا المعلومات والإتصال.وقد استفادت الكثير من الدول من ظاهرة عولمة أسواق المال إلا أن الجزائر رغم الجهود التي بذلتهافي إطار برامج الإصلاحات الإقتصادية الشاملة للإنسجام مع اقتصاد السوق باءت بالفشل بسبب غياب سوق مالي نشط وإعتمادها على القروض المصرفية لتمويل الإقتصاد ، إضافة إلى تأخرها في استخدام الحديثة في التعاملات البنكية، ماجعلها شبه غائبة عن الإنفتاح المالي العالمي والسبب الرئيسي في ذلك هو غياب شبه كامل للتكنولوجيا وعدم إعطاء أهمية كبيرة لإقتصاد المعرفة.

Moulay Belkhodja, Hasni Rahim Guealia

كلية علوم الطبيعة والحياة-جامعة عبد الحميد بن باديس مستغانم · الجزائر

RésuméL’objectif de ce travail vise à évaluer les réponses hydrique, physiologique et métabolique des plantes âgées de deux mois du gombo (Abelmoschusesculentus L.) cultivé sur substrat sans et avec bentonite sous contrainte saline.Dans des conditions de stress salin, les plantes développent des mécanismes de défenses très complexes et varient d’une espèce à l’autre, voire d’une variété à l’autre dans la même espèce. Ces mécanismes permettent à la plante d’atténuer et surmonter l’effet toxique du NaCl au niveau de la cellule.L’application du NaCl sur le gombo âgé de deux mois et conduit sur substrat sans bentonite s’exprime par des changements du statut hydrique de la plante, en diminuant le contenu hydrique des feuille et en réduisant le taux de transpiration suite à la fermeture des stomates, ce qui provoque la réduction de l’activité photosynthétique. Sous contrainte saline, les plantes réagissent en synthétisant des osmoticums comme les sucres solubles, la proline et les protéines. Ces composés jouent un rôle important dans l’ajustement osmotique, leur accumulation est un indice de résistance à la salinité. Outre, un stress oxydatif se manifeste, cela se traduit par l’accumulation de peroxyde d’hydrogène et d’une peroxydation lipidique témoignant l’instabilité de la membrane cellulaire, accompagnée d’une accumulation de polyphénols et des flavonoïdes.Les résultats montrent aussi que le Na+ s’accumule davantage dans les racines que dans les feuilles, alors que le Ca++ et le K+ migrent vers le système foliaire.Nos résultats indiquent que l’ajout de bentonite au substrat de culture améliore l’aptitude du gombo à tolérer les concentrations de NaCl croissantes, en accumulant davantage les composés organiques comparativement au substrat sans bentonite ; ce qui explique le maintien de la turgescence cellulaire, appréciée par les teneurs relatives en eau sous tous les traitements salins.Par ailleurs, sous la concentration modérée (100 mM) en NaCl, les plantes cultivées sous substrat bentonisé aux deux doses montrent une certaine résistance, cela est justifié à travers les valeurs de l’indice de sensibilité relative à la salinité (I.S.R.S) moins importantes comparativement à celles enregistrées pour les plantes cultivées sous substrat sans bentonite.Mots clés : Gombo, NaCl, Bentonite, Etat hydrique, Stress oxydatif, Marqueurs métaboliques du stress, ISRS.AbstractThe objective of this work is to evaluate the water, physiological and metabolic responses of two months-old plants of okra (Abelmoschusesculentus L.) grown on substrate with and without bentonite under salt stress.Under conditions of salt stress, plants develop very complex defense mechanisms and vary from one species to another or even one variety to another in the same species. These mechanisms allow the plant to attenuate and overcome the toxic effect of NaCl at the cell level.The application of NaCl on okra aged two months and coultivated on substrate without bentonite is expressed by changes in the water status of the plant, reducing the water content of the leaf and the transpiration rate following closure of the plants. stomata, which causes the reduction of photosynthetic. Under salt stress, plants react by synthesizing osmotica such as soluble sugars, proline and proteins. These compounds play an important role in the osmotic adjustment, their accumulation is an index of resistance to salinity. In addition, oxidative stress is manifested, us results in the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation testifying the instability of the cell membrane,accompanied by an accumulation of polyphenols and flavonoids..The results also show that Na + accumulates more in the roots than in the leaves, while Ca ++ and K + migrate to the leaf system. Our results indicate that the addition of bentonite to the culture substrate improves okra's ability to tolerate increasing NaCl concentrations, further accumulating organic compounds compared to the substrate without bentonite; which explains the maintenance of cell turgor, appreciated by the relative water content under all saline treatments.Moreover, under the moderate concentration (100 mM) in NaCl, the plants grown under bentonized substrate at both doses show some resistance, this is justified by the values of the lower relative salinity sensitivity index (ISRS). compared to those recorded for plants grown under substrate without bentonite.Key words: Okra, NaCl, Bentonite, water status, Oxidative Stress, Metabolic Markers of Stress, I.S.R.S.ملخصيهدفهذاالعملإلىتقييمإستجاباتنبتةالبامية(Abelmoschusesculentus L.) عمرهاشهرينتمغرسهافيأوساطمختلفةمنناحيةتركيز البنتونيت،تحتضغطالملح. فيظلظروفالإجهادالملحي،تطورالنباتاتآلياتدفاعمعقدةللغايةوتختلفمننوعإلىآخرأوحتىمنسلالةإلىآخرىفينفسالنوع. هذهالآلياتتسمحللنبتةبالتخفيفوالتغلبعلىالتأثيرالسامللـ NaCl علىالمستوىالخلوي.تطبيقكلوريدالصوديومعلىالباميةالتييبلغعمرهاشهرينفيالوسطالخاليمنالبنتونيتيقللمنمحتوىالماءفيالورقةويقللمنمعدلالنتحبعدإغلاقالثغور،ممايؤديإلىالحدمننشاطالتمثيلالضوئي.تحتضغطالملح،تتفاعلالنباتاتعنطريقتصنيعمركباتعضويةمثلالسكرياتالقابلةللذوبانوالبرولينوالبروتينات. تلعبهذهالمركباتدورًامهمًافيالتعديلالأسموزي،ويمثلتراكمهامؤشرًالمقاومةالملوحة. بالإضافةإلىذلك،يتجلىالإجهادالتأكسدي،وهذايؤديإلىتراكمبيروكسيدالهيدروجينوبيروكسيد الدهونالتيتشهدعدماستقرارغشاءالخلية. يرافقهتراكممادتيالبوليفينولوفلافونيدات.كماأظهرتالنتائجأن Na +يتراكمأكثرفيالجذورمنهفيالأوراق،فيحينأن Ca ++وK+يهاجرانإلىنظامالأوراق.نتائجناتشيرإلىأنإضافةالبنتونيتللوسطالزراعييحسنقدرةالباميةعلىتحملزيادةتركيزاتكلوريدالصوديوم،ممايزيدمنتراكمالمركباتالعضويةمقارنةبالوسطدونالبنتونيت؛ممايفسراندباجالخلية،عنتقديرهمحتوىالماءالنسبيتحتجميعالعلاجاتالمالحة. علاوةعلىذلك،فيظلالتركيزالمعتدل (100 مليمولار) من NaCl ،تظهرالنباتاتالتيتنموفيالاوساطالبنتونيةفيكلتاالجرعتينبعضالمقاومة،وهذايبررمنخلالقيممؤشرالحساسيةالأقلللملوحةالنسبية (ISRS). بالمقارنةمعتلكالمسجلةللنباتاتالتيفيوسطخالمنالبنتونيت.الكلماتالرئيسية: البامية،كلوريدالصوديوم،البنتونيت ،الحالةالمائية،الإجهادالتأكسدي،علاماتالاستقلابللإجهاد،I.S.R.S.

Nouria Merad, El Hadj Said Kenza

كلية العلوم-جامعة أبو بكر بلقايد - تلمسان · الجزائر

L’acétylcholinestérase est une enzyme naturellement présente chez l'homme qui entraine la destruction de l'acétylcholine. L’acétylcholine est un neurotransmetteur du cerveau impliqué dans la transmission des messages vers les centres de la mémoire, du raisonnement et d’autres processus de la pensée. Les faibles niveaux d'acétylcholine sont associés à des troubles de la mémoire, comme la maladie d'Alzheimer ainsi que d'autres formes de troubles mentaux.Les inhibiteurs de la cholinestérase (IAC) sont des médicaments pris quotidiennement pour modifier les symptômes de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Ce sont des substances qui inhibent la dégradation de l'acétylcholine, un important neurotransmetteur associé à la mémoire, en bloquant l'enzyme acétylcholinestérase.Dans ce présent travail, nous nous sommes intéressés aux interactions moléculaires entre l’acétylcholinestérase souvent abrégé en "AChE", enzyme impliquée dans la transmission de l'influx nerveux et les différents composés pyrazoliques utilisés comme inhibiteurs à l’aide du Docking moléculaire qui est une des méthodes de la modélisation moléculaire.Cette étude comprend trois chapitres :Le premier chapitre est réservé à un rappel sur les enzymes, principalement l’acétylcholinestérase, et les composés pyrazoliques.Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous exposons les méthodes de modélisation moléculaire (les méthodes quantiques et les méthodes non quantiques). Dans le domaine de la modélisation moléculaire, Le docking est une méthode qui prédit l'orientation d'une molécule par rapport à une autre pour avoir le complexe le plus stable. Il est fréquemment utilisé sur l'étude de la cible moléculaire des médicaments et réduire les essais expérimentaux.Dans le troisième chapitre, nous discutons les résultats de notre étude théorique portant sur les énergies d’interactions entre l’acétylcholinestérase et les dérivés pyrazoliques moyennant le docking moléculaire. Le ligand L1 s’avère être le meilleur inhibiteur parmi les trois ligands car il forme le complexe le plus stable avec l’acétylcholinestérase.

Ghada Abdurrahman Alfadil, Samah Abdelateef Fadlalmola Mohammed

كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة السودان للعلوم والتكنولوجيا · السودان

Background: Combined oral contraceptive are medication administrated bymouth that prevent pregnancy primarily by inhibiting ovulation .long termusing of c0mbined oral contraceptive lead to increase lipid profile, body massindex and increase risk of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, so thisstudy aim to evaluate lipid profile among women using combined oralcontraceptive more than one year in Elgazera state.Materials and methods: this study was included (100) women, (50) womenusing combined oral contraceptive and (50) women non using combined oralcontraceptive at same age, blood specimen was collected from both groups andtotal plasma cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low densitylipoprotein cholesterol were analyzed by using full automated analyzer(DIRUI .CS.T 240).Results: the result revealed that there was significant increase of the means oftotal plasma cholesterol in combined oral contraceptive group (182± 24.8mg/dL) when compared with control group (140.2± 24.4 mg/dL ), p value(0.00),there was insignificant decrease of the means of serum HDL-C incombined oral contraceptive group (51.9± 11.7 mg/dL) compared with controlgroup (54.1±9.4 mg/dL), p value ( 0.289), and insignificant increase of themeans of LDL-C in combined oral contraceptive (96.7± 24.4 mg/dL)compared with control group ( 91.8± 15.8 mg/dL), p value (0.230), also therewas significant increase of the mean of body mass index in combined oralcontraceptive group (31.5± 2.8 mg/dL) compared with control group(28.1±2.5 mg/dL) , with p value (0.00). There were significant positivecorrelations between total cholesterol and (age, BMI, and duration of usingcontraceptive).Conclusion: this study concludes that, women received combined oralcontraceptive had higher level of plasma total cholesterol , plasma LDL-C, andlower level of plasma HDL-C, and significantly positive correlations betweenplasma total cholesterol and (age, body mass index and duration among womenusing combined oral contraceptive).

Peter Rodgers, Sahil Popli

جامعة خليفة · الامارات

The global rise in energy demand and prices, and environmental concerns, are prompting the oil and gas industry to improve its energy efficiency. In this study, waste heat utilization strategies for energy efficiency enhancement in oil and natural gas (NG) plants are investigated in terms of thermodynamic performance and economic feasibility. Emphasis is placed on operating conditions representative of Middle East facilities, which are constrained by high ambient temperatures and relative humidity over a major part of the year. An extensive review of the literature highlights that studies on waste heat utilization in the oil industry have generally been limited to isolated sections of the plants, with the result that the entire spectrum of available energy recovery technologies for a given application has not been considered. In the NG sector, waste heat utilization has received considerably less attention than in the oil industry. In this study, waste energy sources within oil refineries, NG processing plants and liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification terminals, are identified and quantified for typical plant layouts. Generic waste heat utilization schemes are developed and implemented to a major natural gas liquid (NGL) plant in the United Arab Emirates, namely GASCO ASAB. Scheme design is based on the use of gas turbine (GT) exhaust gas waste heat-powered absorption refrigeration for power and steam generation, to provide enhanced cooling and heating capacities to the plant. The schemes involve energy efficiency improvement of thermodynamic cycles using waste heat-powered absorption chillers, utilization of LNG as a heat sink for Rankine and Brayton power cycle configurations, and LNG pressure energy recovery through direct expansion turbines. Thermodynamic models for gas turbines, combined gas and steam turbines, and absorption refrigeration systems (ARSs) are developed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES), and validated by comparison with published experimental data. In all cases, prediction discrepancies for key parameters are found to be less than 5%. The validated models are used to analyze the thermodynamic performance of both the generic and ASAB plant-specific energy recovery schemes developed. The modeling results indicate that 151.5 MW and 127.4 MW of gas turbine exhaust waste heat could be utilized to generate 71.3 kg/s and 60.3 kg/s of 894 kPa steam, at ASAB-0 and ASAB-1 NGL plant, respectively, using a waste heat recovery steam generator. At ASAB-0 plant, the steam produced is utilized to power thirteen double-effect H2O-LiBr absorption chillers, which generate an additional cooling capacity of 195 MW. This enhanced capacity provides i) gas turbine inlet air cooling, which generates approximately 21 MW of additional electric power, ii) eliminates air coolers, and iii) pre-cools the process gas fed to the propane chiller at a reduced temperature of 10°C, thereby reducing propane compressor work. In addition, a small portion of the waste heat is utilized for lean gas regeneration, which saves approximately 3 MW of process heat. The capital investment, operating cost and annual savings of the proposed energy recovery scheme at ASAB-0 plant are estimated to be 64.1 million US$, 3 million US$ and 27.4 million US$ respectively, with a payback period of approximately three years. At ASAB-1 plant, ten 15 MW double-effect H2O-LiBr ARSs, each utilizing 5.4 kg/s of steam, would provide 145 MW of process cooling capacity to the plant, which could either be utilized for process gas cooling, or gas turbine inlet air cooling. The capital and operating costs of the waste heat powered ARS are approximately 49.3 million US$, and 2.2 million US$, respectively. Annual savings and payback period for the gas turbine cooling option are estimated to be 8.9 million US$ and approximately 5 years, respectively, and for the process gas cooling option, 21.8 million US$ and three years, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended to utilize the additional absorption cooling capacity for process gas cooling. This study demonstrates both the thermodynamic and economic feasibility of waste heat powered absorption refrigeration at a major NGL plant. The waste heat recovery methods and thermo-economic analysis methodology employed in this work could be extended to other oil and gas plants to quantify their waste heat utilization potential, and develop comprehensive heat recovery schemes tailored to existing facilities. This offers tremendous opportunity for reducing energy losses and fuel consumption through recovery of waste heat. Future work programs are proposed to further develop this research area.