عبدالرسول يحيى إبراهيم موسى, علي ميلي

كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة السودان للعلوم والتكنولوجيا · السودان

This study presents a new technique to support software specification and validation. Such validation by means validate requirement specification itself prior to proceeding the next phase of software engineering lifecycle. The study based on the data types by means of behavioral formal specifications that describe the functional attributes of the data type, but give no insight into how the data type may be implemented; specification is represented by axioms and rules, where axioms reflect the behavioral of the data type for simple data values and rules define their behavioral inductively for more complex data values. These axiomatic specifications are validated for completeness against independently generated data. Our challenge is to ensure that the specifications of abstract data types are valid and reflect all the relevant requirements and constraints for the completeness, consistency, and minimality because any faults that arise in this phase it might cause a negative impact on all subsequent phases and increase the cost of a software product. The methodology that we are follows is defined and specified abstract data types by using axiomatic representation, specified and checked them by using proposed language, and validated generated specification by using proposed validation tool. In order to satisfy the important criteria of a software specification such as simplicity, formality, and abstraction we have proposed a behavioral model that is used to specify abstract data types. This model is as follows: 1) an input space which defines a set of input space signals that abstract data type can accept; which his has two types: a) v operations that are expected to return or produce a value; b) o operations which are do not return or produce a value, but can affect future behavior of abstract data type. The relation between an input space and an output space is defines the name and the type of the abstract data type. Alneelain Specification Language has been proposed to implement the proposed model. Two components of its compiler have been developed; lexical analyser and syntax checker. Six samples of abstract data types have been selected as examples specified by Alneelain Specification Language, and checked its compiler. Alneelain Validation Tool which relied on the output of Alneelain Specification Language has been developed to use to validate completely independent validation data. The results showed the possibility of using Alneelain specification language to specify abstract data types and the possibility of using Alneelain Validation Tool to validate the specification of those abstract data types.

Abdelaziem Babiker Zeidan, Akram Ali Mohammed Hamd Alneel, Yousif Osman Hussein Assad

كلية العلوم الزراعية-جامعة الجزيرة · السودان

Rice is one of the promising crops in the Sudan and the world's second most important cereal crop which is exceeded only by wheat. Insects affect rice production and quality. Termites economically affect upland rice production due to aerobic conditions. The main objective of the study was to determine the best insecticide and dose to control termites in upland rice. Three insecticides were tested, namely: Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon and Imidacloprid with three levels of dose: 1.2 L ha-1, 2.4 L ha-1, 3.6 L ha-1 . A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used. insecticide which was applied three times: pre-emergence, one week post-emergence and two weeks post-emergence. Nerica-4 cultivar of Rice was investigated for: number of dead plant plot-1, number of Panicles m-2 , 1000 grain weight, filled grain ratio and yield (kg ha-1). There were significant differences Among types and application rates of insecticides. The rate 3.6 L ha-1 of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon gave the highest yields compared to the control at the Rahad scheme and the dose 3.6 L ha-1 of all insecticides recorded the highest yield at the University of Gezira experimental farm. The number of dead plants decreased gradually after using Chlorpyrifos insecticide in all plots. One thousand Grain weight showed no significant differences in both locations. The highest number of filled grain ratio resulted from the dose of 3.6 L ha-1 for Chlorpyrifos insecticide at the Rahad Scheme. The dose 3.6 L ha-1 of Chlorpyrifos insecticide resulted in the highest number of panicles m-2. It is recommended to apply Chlorpyrifos insecticide at the rate of 3.6 L ha-1 for the control termites in upland rice.

Christelle Bou Nehme , Moustapha Harb

مدرسة الهندسة-الجامعة اللبنانية الأميركية · لبنان

Recycling and reuse of treated wastewater has been addressed as an alternative water resource to a great extent lately because of major water scarcity faced worldwide. Among wastewater treatment technologies envisaged, anaerobic membrane bioreactors (An MBRs) have demonstrated considerable benefits for high quality effluent and energy recovery. Specifically, recent developments in the understanding of membrane biofilms in An MBRs indicate additional advantages to their known benefits as an emerging technology. In addition to high COD removal, increased biogas production and lower energy costs, An MBRs are found to play a key role for the degradation of emerging contaminants of concern. The present work aimed to determine the effect of combining different membrane biofilm development conditions in an An MBR on effluent quality, trimethoprim removal, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) proliferation, and effluent methane concentrations. The experiment consisted of two phases during which membrane biofilms were initially developed at different transmembrane pressures (TMPs) by varying the membrane flux rates and subsequently operated at the same flux rate for performance comparison. The first phase consisted of membrane biofilm development at low flux rate while the second phase was devised to allow membrane biofilm development at high flux rate. Improved performance was observed for a membrane on which the biofilm was initially developed at high TMP. After reduction of flux, lower TMP was sustained for the same membrane, on which higher COD and trimethoprim removals were observed. Analysis of membrane biofilm communities revealed presence of specific groups, notably methanogens and their associated syntrophic groups that confer benefits to effluent quality. Moreover, a remarkable difference between the microbial groups of the membrane biofilm layers developed at high TMP was observed. This study highlightsa new approach for controlled membrane biofilm operation that can potentially promote water quality and micropollutant removal.

رابح بوحلاب, مریم دحداح , ملیكة حاسي

كلية العلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية-جامعة ابن خلدون – تيارت · الجزائر

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن أثر استخدام الصفحات الاشهاریة عبر موقع الفایسبوك على المرأة الموظفة بجامعة تیارت من خلال طرح الإشكالیة ما تأثیر الصفحات الاشهاریة عبر الفایسبوك على السلوك الشرائي للموظفات؟ وتندرج ضمن هذه الإشكالیة مجموعة من التساؤلات نذكر منها: ماهي عادات ودوافع تعرض المرأة العاملة بجامعة تیارت عبر موقع الفایسبوك؟ وماهي محفزات الصفحات الإشهاریة في تأثیر على السلوك الشرائي عبر موقع الفایسبوك؟ وما مدى تحقق الرغبات الشرائیة عند المرأة الموظفة بجامعة تیارت جراء استخدامها للصفحات الإشهاریة؟

Nisreen Naseef Al Masri, Ahmad Atawneh

كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة الخليل · فلسطين

Interpretation of the Holy Quran has taken different aspects. The linguistic analysis of the Quran, for example, has tackled the linguistic systems of syntax, morphology, phonology, and pragmatics. In line with the linguistic analysis, this study explore the various speech acts realized through imperatives in the Quran. The speech act theory of Austin and Searle has a great impact on research, so it has been used to furnish the background of the study. Data are mainly collected from "The Cow" chapter that has the biggest number of verses and possibly imperatives from Allah and different groups of people. Data are also gathered from "Joseph" chapter to analyze the imperatives used among people themselves. The findings of the study reveal more than 17 distinct speech acts realized out of 125 imperative verbs. Similarly, they show that Austin and Searle's speech act theory can systematically help in interpreting the relationship between some structures and their possible pragmatic meanings. It is also found that although the speech act theory has been applied to utterances provided by humans, there are utterances by God which cannot be analyzed under the same terms.

أبوبكر عواطي, عبد العالي زواغي

كلية أصول الدين-جامعة الأمير عبد القادر للعلوم الإسلامية · الجزائر

Saida Boulfekhar, Abderrahmane Arab

كلية العلوم-جامعة أمحمد بوقرة - بومرداس · الجزائر

168 p. : ill. ; 30 cm

Ebtesam Orabi Mohammadi Orabi, Fred Perry, Zeinab Taha

كلية العلوم الانسانية والاجتماعية-الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة · مصر

Nabahats Benmansour, H.Hocine

كلية العلوم البيولوجية-جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا هواري بومدين - الجزائر · الجزائر

Nous avons testé, vis-à-vis de 16 souches microbiennes, 15 extraits d'huiles essentielles provenant d'Armoise blanche connue en thérapeutique pour d'autres propriétés.Les huiles essentielles (HE) ont été extraites de feuilles au début de la période de (juin) et de feuilles et de fleurs à la fin de la période de floraison (décembre) de différentes : Littoral (Beni-Saf); (Hamam-Boughrara), Steppique (Sebdou ) et Pré-saharienne ( Aïn-Sefra et ). L'analyse de la composition chimique des HE effectuée par chromatographie en phase gazeuse a permis de mettre en évidence 23 constituants répartis en 2 groupes: composés majoritaires (cétones) et composés mineurs (terpènes, alcools, esters et éther ).Sur le plan qualitatif, les HE des feuilles et des fleurs extraites en décembre de sont les plus riches avec 21 composés chimiques sur les 23. Ensuite les HE des stations de et de Aïn-Sefra suivent avec 16 à 20 composés chimiques. Enfin celles des stations Beni-Saf et de Hamam-Boughrara ne contiennent que la moitié des composés. Ainsi on remarque que le nombre des HE, augmente dans le sens Beni-Saf; Hamam-Boughrara, Sebdou, Aïn-Sefra etLaghouat qui est le sens de l'aridité ( Nord-Sud). Sur le plan quantitatif, la teneur des constituants des HE est différente selon les HE étudiées. Ainsi la teneur en cétones est 2 fois plus importante dans les HE extraites des feuilles et des fleurs d'Aha récoltée en décembre à Sebdou, Aïn-Sefra et par rapport à celle des HE des 2 autres stations. Quant au sa teneur est 4 fois supérieure dans les HE des feuilles et des fleurs extraites en décembre dans les stations pré-sahariennes que dans les HE des 3 autres stations du Nord. Les esters quant a eux, leur teneur est 3 fois supérieure dans les HE des stations de Beni-Saf, de Hamam-Boughrara et de Sebdou par rapport à celle des HE des deux autres stations.Le cinéol 1,8 est présent seulement dans les HE de Aïn-Sefra et de , on note cependant saisonnière importante puisque la récolte de décembre est 4 fois plus riche en ce composé de juin.Cette variabilité qualitative et quantitative constituant les HE laisse penser que leur serait également différente aussi bien sur le plan du spectre que de l'intensité d'action.Les 3 techniques utilisées sur les souches microbiennes considérées à savoir: , et la Concentration minimale inhibitrice établissent que le spectre de leur action est similaire.La technique de , révèle que toutes les souches microbiennes sont sensibles à l'action inhibitrice des HE à l'exception de 4 micro-organismes: P. , et T.interdigitale qui se montrent résistants. Ce phénomène est expliqué par la volatilité des composés chimiques.La technique de quant à elle montre que l'intensité est la puissance d'action des HE sur les souches-cibles est variable selon la station, la période de récolte et l'organe étudié sauf sur les 4 suscités qui se révèlent faibles. Ainsi les HE extraits des feuilles et des fleurs en décembre de sont les plus actives car leur spectre d'action est plus large. Il concerne les bactéries Gram+ (S.aureus, B subtilis, B.cereus), les bactéries Grarn- (E.coli, E.cloacae, K. pneumoniae) et les champignons ( M.gypseum, M.canis, C.albicans, A.flavus); contrairement à celui des HE de Aïn-Sefra qui n'englobe que les bactéries Gram+ et les champignons; alors que les HE extraites des feuilles et des fleurs d’Aha récoltée en juin des 5 stations et les HE extraites des feuilles et des fleurs d’Aha récoltée en juin et décembre de Beni-Saf et de Harnarn-Bougrara spectre d'action relativement moyen.La technique déterminant la CMI confirme les constations déjà faites, à savoir que les HE de la station de sont les plus actives. Le maximum d'action est noté sur les bactéries Gram+. les bactéries Grarn- est surtout sur C. et A. (les CMI les plus faibles par rapport a celles des autres variant de 1250 a 1550 ug/ml).On signale que les HE récoltées en décembre sont plus actives sur les germes considérés que celles récoltées en juin. Il est donc recommande d'utiliser les premières en thérapie.Ces travaux confirment que herba alba contient des principes actifs ayant une activité thérapeutique significative sur les germes considères qui sont certaines pathologie (toxi-infection-alimentaires, candidoses, furoncles, abcès, etc. . . ). Une étude pharmacologique est nécessaire pour préciser les doses ainsi qu'un processus de production.

كريمة رقاب, كوثر لعناق

كلية الآداب واللغات-جامعة غرداية · الجزائر

رواية سقطرى من بين النصوص السردية التي برزت فيها مظاهر العجائبي وكان نموذجا للبحث. قسمت دراستي إلى فصلين، الفصل الأول تطرقت فيه لمفهوم العجائبية لغة واصطلاحا عند العرب وعند الغرب، وكذلك خصائص ووظائف العجائبي والعجائبية في الرواية العرية ، أمّا الفصل الثاني موسوم تحت أشكال وتمظهرات العجائبي في الرواية والتي جمعت في طياتها شخصيات وأحداث عجيبة.