عامر محمود, عبدالله عبداللطيف

كلية الطب البيطري-جامعة الخرطوم · السودان

The studies reported in this thesis were performed to investigate theeffect of dietary zinc and ascorbic acid supplementation and thermalenvironment on physiological responses and performance of broilers. Inexperiment 1, the effects of dietary (ZnSO4) levels 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg/kg on physiological responses and performance were investigated inunsexed broiler chicks. The rectal temperature (Tr) was not affectedsignificantly by zinc level in the diet; Trdecreased with increase in age. Thefeed intake, body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) increasedsignificantly in broilers receiving different levels of ZnSO4compared to thecontrol. The packed cell volume (PCV) increased significantly with all levelsof Zn supplementation and at all stagesof growth. The plasma glucose leveldecreased significantly in broilers withall levels of Zn supplementation andat all stages of growth. The serum cholesterol level decreased significantly inbroilers with all levels of Zn supplementation and at all stages of growth, andit decreased with advance of age. The serum levels of total protein andalbumin were higher with all levels of Zn supplementation and at all stages ofgrowth, and increased with advance of age. The serum levels of aspartateaminotransferase (ALT) and alanine aminotransferas (AST) decreasedsignificantly in broilers with Zn supplementation and at all stages of growth.The serum Zn level increased significantly with all levels of Znsupplemented and at 4thand 5thweek of age. In experiment 2, the effects ofdietary supplementation of ZnSO4(50 mg/kg) and ascorbic acid (AA) (600mg/kg) or their combination on physiological responses and performanceiiwere investigated in unsexed broilersduring summer and winter conditions.The rectal temperature (Tr) was not affected significantly by dietary Zn andAA supplementation or their combination during summer and winterconditions. Trof control groups of broilers was significantly higher duringsummer compared to winter values at all stages of growth. The effects of Znand AA or their combination on feed intake, BW and FCR were notsignificant throughout the experimentalperiod. The mean values of feedintake, BW and FCR were significantly higher during winter at all stages ofgrowth. The PCV was not affected significantly by Zn and AA or theircombination during the course of experiment. The PCV of control groupswas significantly higher during winterat all stages of growth. There wassignificant decrease in plasma glucose level with all treatments at the 4thand5thweeks of age during summer, and a significant decrease in plasma glucoselevel in all treated experimental groups at the 4thweek of age during winter.At the 5thand 6thweek of age, the plasma glucose level significantlydecreased for broilers supplemented withcombination of AA and Zn duringwinter. The serum cholesterol level decreased significantly with alltreatments at the 5thweek of age during summer; it also decreasedsignificantly at the 4thand 6thweeks of age in all treatments during winter.The serum total protein level increased significantly with all treatments at allstages of growth during summer; also it increased significantly in all treatedgroups at the 2nd, 4thand 6thweeks of age during winter. The serum albuminlevel increased significantly for broilers supplemented with AA at the 6thweek of age during summer, and it increased significantly with all treatmentsiiiat the 4th, 5thand 6thweek of age during winter. The serum AST leveldecreased significantly with all treatments at all stages of growth duringsummer. Also it decreased significantly with all treatments at the 2nd, 4thand6thweeks of age during winter. The serum ALT level decreased significantlywith all treatment groups at all stages of growth during summer. Duringwinter, ALT level decreased significantly with all treatments at all stages ofgrowth. The results which were related to thermoregulation and nutritionalstrategies adopted for alleviation of thermal stress in broilers were discussedin the light of previous findings reported in literature. The findings of thestudies could have implications in improving the growth performance ofbroilers under tropical conditions.

حيرش عبد القادر, دنية بورحلي

كلية العلوم الاقتصادية، التجارية وعلوم التسيير-جامعة ابن خلدون – تيارت · الجزائر

هدفت الدراسة إلى إبراز مفهوم الصكوك الإسلامية والى أهم خصائصها وأنواعها، والأهمية الاقتصادية والى المخاطر التي تتعرض لها، فهي أكثر الصناعات عرضة للمخاطر والى الآليات المطبقة للتقليل من حدة هذه المخاطر. وتسليط الضوء على تجربة السودان، وذلك باستعراض دراسة للصكوك السودانية بسوق الخرطوم للأوراق المالية للفترة 2013-2017، ومحاولة تحديد لأهم الآليات المطبقة لإدارة مخاطر الصكوك السودانية. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن و بالرغم من أن تجربة السودان في مجال إصدار الصكوك الإسلامية كانت جل إصداراتها محلية إلا أنها تحظى بمكانة عالية، فهي تمثل عماد السوق وهي تجربة رائدة ومميزة حيث تعتبر من بين منتجات الهندسة المالية التي إن وفرات لها متطلبات النمو والنجاح فسيكون لها مردود هائل على المصارف الإسلامية.

أحمد محمد أحمد إبراهيم, عصام الدين حسن بركات حسن

كلية الدراسات العليا والبحث العلمي-جامعة شندي · السودان

Background: The prevalence of obesity is increasing and have become an epidemic worldwide. The obesity have detrimental influences on several human body functions, including the reproductive health, especially infertility. There is strong relationship between obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid & fertility hormones imbalance, lipid metabolism disturbance and infertility. This relationship needs more exploration. Well-established relationship is found between polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity and infertility.Objectives: The aim of the study to find the association between obesity and infertility though the assessment of thyroid and fertility hormones imbalance and lipid metabolic disturbance, comparing infertile obese and polycystic ovary syndrome women to apparent healthy fertile women.Methodology: A cross-section study, conducted in Elessawi Poly-Clinic Center- Makkah Mukrrumah – KSA. In the period from September 2016 to January 2020. Four hundred blood samples collected, form women who diagnosed as infertile, normal weight (200), obese (100) and women with PCOS (100), they included as study group. In addition, one hundred blood samples from apparent healthy fertile women as control. Their age range from 19 to 30 years. Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) used for assessment of LH, FSH, testosterone, PRL, TSH and fT4 hormones. Various antigen-antibody combinations were used, always including an enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody, and the enzyme activity was measured calorimetric. In addition, The Serum samples were assayed with automated clinical chemistry analyzer. They assayed the lipid profile (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL), and LDL was calculated. The study groups classified to normal weight women or obese by calculation of the BMI, values 30kg/m2 was obese. The PCOS was diagnosed according to clinical data and finding of multiple cysts in the ovary by ultrasonography. The data constructed in descriptive and analytic ways, using percent, Qui square and T tests to calculate the P value, analyzed by the statistical package of social science version 20. The P value is considered significant when it is <0.05.Results: The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in normal weight, obese and PCOS infertile were 20%, 60% and 64% respectively. In addition to, the clinical hypothyroidism were 6%, 20% and 22% for normal weight, obese and PCOS, respectively. There were significant differences when compared the mean + 2SD of TSH and FT4 levels for infertile normal weight, obese and PCOS to fertile control group, (p<0.000). Also when compared PCOS to obese infertile a significant difference in TSH reported, high in PCOS (p<0.000). The prevalence of hyper-LH and FSH were 25% for each, and hyperprolactinemia was 53% in infertile normal weight. The prevalence of hyperprolactinemia and hyperandrogenemia in obese were 100%, and 47% respectively. In addition, the prevalence in PCOS of FSH, LH, hyperprolactinemia and hyperandrogenemia were 4%, 17%, 100% and 43% respectively. There were statically significant differences of serum levels mean + 2SD of FSH, LH, prolactin and testosterone, in normal weight, obese and PCOS compared to control (p<0.000). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and trigylceridemia in obese were 46% and 12% respectively. While the prevalence in PCOS was 100 % for hypercholesterolemia and 13 % for trigylceridemia. The study revealed significant difference of serum levels mean ±2SD of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL in infertile normal weight, obese and PCOS women, compared to fertile control (p<0.000).Conclusion: Obesity and PCOS are significantly associated with female infertility. This finding is documented by high prevalence and significant difference of thyroid hormone insufficiency and fertility hormones imbalance, compared to hormonal prolife of healthy fertile women. In addition, high prevalence and the difference of the abnormal serum lipid levels in infertile obese and PCOS women compared to fertile healthy women. Therefore, obesity and PCOS are important cause of infertility.

Mawahib Mubarak Fadlalla Zayed, سيف الدين محمد خير حاج أحمد, عاطف الصادق إدريس

كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة السودان للعلوم والتكنولوجيا · السودان

In Sudan, Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is affected by mainly two lepidopteron stem borers, Chilopartellus andSesamiacretica causing considerable decrease in the yield. A survey was conducted to assess the incidence and distribution of stem borers in Summer sowed sorghum in Khartoum state and to evaluate the status of stem borers infestation on sorghum growing in Khartoum State in eight locations (Al Khadroo, El fakeiHashim, Shambat, Seleet Scheme (north Khartoum) Soba (east Khartoum) El Gezira Islang (north Omdurman), Toti Island (central Khartoum) and Tiba (south Khartoum). The results showed that, the sorghum crop in the study sites was variably infested by both stem borers. The highest infestation of all sites surveyed was recorded in Shambat (60.34%) and the lowest infestation was recorded in Soba (31.7%). There was a significant difference between the number of Chilopartellus and Sesamiacretica in the infested areas. The highest infestation was recorded in Shambat( Chilopartellus65.25% while that Sesamiacretica was 59.99%). The lowest infestation by both agents was found in Soba (Chilopartellus as 33.26%, while that Sesamiacretica was 30.37% ). Two field experiments were conducted under irrigation at the Experimental Farm of the College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Shambat, Sudan for two cropping seasons (Autumn and Winter) during 2016-17. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, to screen the relative resistance/susceptibility of twenty-two genotypes of sorghum against stem borers (Chilopartellus, Sesamiacretica), and to assess for yield and yield components, assess the impact of genetic variability among grain sorghum genotypes, estimates the phenotypic correlation between different characters and to assess the heritable component of the total phenotypic variability using the parameters genetic coefficient of variation and heritability. The plants were subjected to natural infestation by stem borers. Four resistance expressing traits were recorded, i.e. percentage of infested plants, percentage of plants with dead hearts, tunnels length and intensity of damage. The results showed that in Autumn, the maximum level of leave damage was found in F-6 (61.59%), and minimumwas found in G.1.1.4(12.18%), while in Winter, the maximum level of leave damage was found in F-6 (59.15%) and minimum was found in G.1.1.4(15.12%). The percentage of plants with dead hearts formations was higher in more susceptible genotypes than least susceptible genotypes. Results showed that, G.1.1.4 was found to be the most resistant to all studied types of damage The Maximum occurrences of dead hearts were recorded in genotypes F- 6(4.99%, 4.21%) in Autumn and Winter respectively. The higher and lower Value of tunnels length ranged between F-6 (5.32cm) to Tabat (2.38) in Autumn, and F-6(5.38cm) to G.1.1.16 (2.67cm) in Winter season. The following growth and yield traits were measured: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves /plant, leaf area, days to 50% flowering, days to physiological maturity, panicle length, panicle width, panicle exertion,1000 seeds weight and grain yield ton/ha. The results showed that there were significant differences among the 22 sorghum genotypes for some growth yield and stem borer’s infestation in both seasons. Genotypes (F- 6) scored the highest grain yields (1.34t/ha), (1.28 t/ha) in Autumn and Winter respectively, in spite of high leave damage 61.59%, 59.15% and high tunnels length 5.32cm, 5.38cm. This result illustrates the ability of the genotypes to produce high yield coupled with their tolerance to stem borer infestation. Genotype F-6 could be of advantage for any future sorghum breeding program. All genotypes gave higher yields in Autumn than in Winter. This can attributed to the favorable environmental conditions during the rainy season coupled by the lighter infestation of the stem borers. Genotypes F-5, F-15 gave highest value 197cm, 195 cm in Autumn and Winter respectively. The earliest flowering genotype was Arfagadmk (64.3days and 59.6days) in both Autumn and Winter seasonrespectively. For 1000-grain weight genotype G.1.1.4 (46.1g and 45.0g) in Autumn and Winter respectively. The phenotypic and genotypic variances, phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variation, heritability (h2), phenotypic and genotypic correlation between different characters were calculated. There was a wide phenotypic variation among the genotypes in most of the characters studied. The genotypic component of the phenotypic variance was consistently higher than the heritability broad sense estimates that ranged from (95% - 41%). High heritability was reflected in this study among the following growth characters: plant height (0.95-0.88), days to maturity (0.76-0.83), days to 50% flowering (0.73-0.84) and leaf area (0.67-0.92) for both seasons. Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was maximumin Leaf area (2313.70 and 4665.9) plant height (999.63 and 1162.66) for both seasons and it was not different than phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV). It showed maximum value in leaf area (3444.38 and 5045.60) and plant height (1047.93 and 1327.46) for both seasons.This result indicated that these traits were affected by environmental fluctuations. The high values of (GCV) and (PCV) suggest the possibility of utilizing environmental effects through direct selection for these traits. Estimates of phenotypic correlations among different characters in the two seasons were variable from one season to another. Grain yield ton/ha had strong positive phenotypic correlation with some of the morphological characteristics and the susceptibility of the plant to stem borers.This indicates that the strong inherent associations between different traits are different under the different environments and hence the phenotypic correlations are dependent on environmental conditions.

سفيان قوق, عبدالحميد بن علية

كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية-جامعة زيان عاشور - الجلفة · الجزائر

يختلف الإرهاب باختلاف الساحة التي يمارس عمله فيها. فيكون داخليا إذا كانت الأعمالموجهة إلى جماعات أو ممتلكات داخل الدولة التي ينتمي إليها الفرد أو الجماعة الإرهابية. هذا النوعلا يشكل معضلة من الناحية القانونية حيث يمكن معالجته وفق القانون الوطني الذي يعاقب على هذاالسلوك طالما توافرت أركان الجريمة في العمل الإرهابي. وان استغلت بعض الدول مصطلح ر الإ هابللقضاء على خصومها السياسيين. ولا يندرج العمل الإرهابي حسب القوانين الوطنية ضمن الجرائمالسياسية حتى لا يستفيد القائم ا من الحقوق التي يتمتع ا السياسي إنما تعتبرها جرائم عاديةوتدعو إلى تشديد العقوبة عليها.

Mayameen Salman kadhim, Saad A. M. Salih

كلية الهندسة-جامعة النهرين · العراق

افريقيا مديلة, مريم بوطيرا, وداد علية

كلية علوم الطبيعة والحياة-جامعة الشهيد حمة لخضر - الوادي · الجزائر

Cette étude avait pour objectif principal d'estimer la valeur nutritive de quelques plantes halophytes broutées par le dromadaire prélevées d’un parcoure salin d’un région aride d’Algérie (El-Oued), à travers deux aspects: la composition chimique et la fermentation in vitro par le microbiote ruminal du dromadaire. Les substrats retenus pour cette étude sont : l’Atriplex halimus L, Sueda mollis, et le Zygophyllum album, comparativement à un substrat standard qui est le foin de vesce-avoine. Les résultats de l’analyse chimique révèlent que tous les substrats renferment des teneurs élevées et peu différentes en MS, des teneurs élevées en MO et intermédiaire en MM par rapport à substrat de référence (P < 0,05). Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la teneur en MAT est plus élevée chez les deux amarantacée: S. mollis, (162,5 g/kg MS) et l’A. halimus, (150,4 g/kg MS). Par contre, elles contiennent une très faible quantité en composés phénoliques. En outre le Z. album a teneur faible en MAT (70,4 g/kg MS) et une teneur intermédiaire en PP. Les résultats de la fermentation in-vitro par le microbiote ruminal du dromadaire révèlent que la production de gaz totale, engendrée par la dégradation anaérobie de ces substrats, à l’exception du Z. album, bien que supérieure (P < 0,05) à celle du foin de vesce-avoine. Le profil fermentaire de dégradation des substrats in vitro s’oriente vers une production accrue en dioxyde de carbone (CO2). Les résultats de la digestibilité de la MS et MO montre que les substrats étudiés sont digestibles.

توفيق التجاني, نسرين احمد

كلية الطب البيطري-جامعة الخرطوم · السودان

There is no doubt that outbreak of Brucella infection causesignificant economic losses. Although the financial loss expressed in anycurrency may vary from one country to anther, a few denominators arethe same everywhere. The farmers suffers loss of income due to abortion,the consequent loss of milk production and prolonged fattening time oflambs (meat production) due to birth of premature animals and lowfertility rates.This study was there fore carried out to determine the prevalence ofcaprine brucellosis in Khartoum North. A total of 368 samples consistingof 168 milk, 200 serums were examined for the presence of antibodies toBrucella. The samples were collected from different localities inKhartoum North.Three serological tests, Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), CapillaryTube Agglutination Test (CTAT) and the Agar Precipitation Test (AGPT)were carried out. Milk samples were tested by the Milk Ring Test (MRT).The results showed that rates of positive reactors were 10.5% byRBPT and CTAT. A much higher percentage of positive reactors 16%obtained with MRT.

امحند برقوق, فريدة قصري

كلية العلوم السياسية والاعلام-جامعة الجزائر 1 - بن يوسف بن خدة · الجزائر

ان الحياة السياسية في كل المجتمعات تركز على الفرد باعتباره هو الفاعل الأساسي في حركية النظام و التأثير فيه و لذلك بحث العديد من المفكرين لمحاولة فهم سلوك الفرد .

بالحبيب عبدالكامل, خاوة منال, فوزي بن عيسى, مصباحي عبدالعزيز

كلية العلوم الاقتصادية والتجارية وعلوم التسيير-جامعة الشهيد حمة لخضر - الوادي · الجزائر

رغم ان المنظمة التجارة العالمية ليست بمنظمة مختصة بالبيئة إلا أن تزايد الاهتمام بالجوانب البيئة اصبحت تشكل تحديا للمجتمع الدولي الأمر الذي فرض عليها مواكبة هذا الاهتمام وذلك باستحداث ألية تعني بالجانب التجاري والبيئي، وكما تم اهتمام بالبيئة بشكل واسع في المنظمة العالمية للتجارة على ذلك تم تكريس لجان واتفاقيات تتضمن حماية البيئة وذلك بإجاد مختلف الوسائل لتسوية المنازعات البيئية الدولية في أطار المنظمة العالمية للتجارة .