Amel Bouchoucha, Dhikra Bouziane

كلية الأداب واللغات-جامعة العربي بن مهيدي - أم البواقي · الجزائر

L'objectif principal de la présente étude est de monter comment le choix du thème à débattre par l'étudiant de 1ère année LMD contribue à sa motivation et par conséquent, à l'amélioration et le développement de sa fluidité orale.Pour ce faire plusieurs instruments de collectes de données ont été utilisés, tels que les questionnaires à destination des enseignants du FLE à l'université. Un enregistrement sonore des séances observées. Ainsi qu'une observation non-participante, à l'aide d'une grille d'observation ; durant laquelle nous avons assisté en premier lieu, à une séance du module de TO, où les étudiants étaient appelés à débattre un thème choisi par l'enseignant.En second lieu, et pendant la deuxième séance, les étudiants avaient la liberté de choisir eux même des thèmes à débattre, et qui correspondent à leurs champs d'intérêt.Cela, afin de déceler l'impact de la motivation des apprenants par le choix du thème sur le développement de leur capacité à s'exprimer couramment d'une façon souple et fluide, en faisant une étude comparative entre les deux démarches.Les résultats de notre analyse ont confirmé que le choix du thème à débattre par l'étudiant est une stratégie motivante qui a un impact positif sur l'amélioration de se

Rania Bouattou, N. Mansour

كلية علوم الطبيعة والحياة-جامعة سعد دحلب - البليدة · الجزائر

Mohammed A. Al-Osta, عبدالرحمن محمد شريف

كلية تصاميم البيئة-جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن · السعودية

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is a newly developed concrete material that has excellent mechanical and durability characteristics along with its special features that include high ductility and fracture toughness. Although, research works pertaining to UHPC are widely reported in the literature, still efforts are being made to understand the behavior of UHPC to explore possibilities of using it for different applications. There is a wide coverage of mechanical characteristics of UHPC in terms of strength, ductility, and fracture toughness, by researchers around the globe. However, a very limited information is available in the literature on the characteristics of the bond between UHPC and embedded steel rebars. The present research work was conducted with the main objective of investigating the effect of two key factors (hybridization of two types of fibers and two curing methods) on the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and modulus of toughness) of UHPC including the bond strength considering two different types of steel rebars.The experimental program consisted of preparation of several sets of specimens used to conduct different tests. UHPC specimens were cast using the same proportions of ingredients. However, the constitution of the steel fiber component of the UHPC mixtures was varied to produce five different combinations of straight and hooked steel fibers. The five combinations of steel fibers considered were obtained by replacing straight fibers with hooked fibers at: 0%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%. UHPC specimens prepared by embedding steel bars of two different strength grades (G60 and G230) were utilized for the evaluation of steel-UHPC bond characteristics. All test specimens were subjected to two curing regimes: water curing and steam curing. The data generated through this experimental investigation helped to understand the effects of the studied key factors on the mechanical properties of UHPC, including steel-UHPC bond characteristics. The test results exhibited significant effect of the hybridization of straight and hooked fibers on the studied properties of UHPC. The performance of steam curing was found better than that of water curing in all aspects. Finite element model (FEM) and empirical models were developed to model the behavior of the bond between UHPC and embedded rebar for each of the fibers combinations, curing methods and grades of embedded steel bars.

Nour Elyakine Daoudi, أحمد بشر

كلية الاداب واللغات-جامعة محمد خيضر - بسكرة · الجزائر

جميل عواد بلادي الطبراوي, عامر عمران الخفاجيّ

كلية العلوم الإسلامية‎-جامعة بابل · العراق

يمثّل الخواجة نصير الدين الطوسيّ من طلائع الفكر الكلاميّ الإماميّ المبكّر، والذي عُرف بغزارة الإنتاج المعرفيّ والفكريّ، واشتهر بهيمنة المنهج الكلاميّ على أغلب مؤلّفاته، وتأثّره بالفلسفة الأرسطيّة والمنطقيّة. ومن هنا فإنّ الرسالة تناولت جانبًا مهما من جوانب الإبداع عند الخواجة نصير الدين الطوسي، والذي تمثّل بالمنهج الكلاميّ في تفسير القرآن الكريم، ومن هنا يكمن الإبداع في الجمع بين العقل والنقل ودرء التعارض بينهما من خلال تقديم القطعيّ منهما على الآخر، مع تقديم قطعيّات العقل على قطعيّات النقل، وخاصّة في الآيات التي يرد التشابه فيها من خلال آليّة التأويل التي تعيد إعادة إنتاج تفسير القرآن الكريم من دون الاتّكاء على الرأي أو الإشارات الصوفيّة والعرفانيّة، فكان منهجه منهجًا مستقيمًا له ما يؤيّده ويبرهن عليه.

Abir Bassam Zaatari, Mona Fawaz

كلية مارون سمعان للهندسة والعمارة-الجامعة الأمريكية في بيروت · لبنان

Housing production in Beirut’s post-war period has been governed by the pro-growth “enabling of the market” rationale that follows the World Bank’s dogma of the 1990s. While this rationale has been locally promoted for its effectiveness in securing access to housing and sometimes also for employment generation and inclusive economic development, this study shows that its implementation was far from matching such claims. Instead, the thesis argues that post-war policies, specifically Building Law 646-2004 and subsidized housing loans by Public Corporation of Housing, have enormously influenced housing production in the city by promoting speculative practices that work against inclusiveness. To assess the impact of these policies on the production of housing in Beirut, the thesis combines a longitudinal and actors-centered approach comparing development activities in two adjacent neighborhoods of the city, Aicha Bakkar and Tallet El Khayyat. The two neighborhoods display distinct class differences, while they maintain relatively similar positions in the city’s historical sectarian divisions. The thesis explores the materialization of these policies comparatively in the two neighborhoods. The thesis begins by documenting the way in which the production of residential buildings in Beirut reproduces socio-spatial inequalities in the city, both economic and religious. It shows that processes of urban production follow path dependent trajectories where property ownership patterns, land subdivisions, building development, financing, and exchange are strongly shaped by neighborhood-scale institutions. These processes, in turn, create opportunities for specific developers in each of these neighborhoods. Thus, in Aicha Bakkar, successful developers were those who consolidated their roles by tapping on existing social and institutional hierarchies such as family groupings, religious organizations, and more. Conversely, in Tallet el Khayyat, successful developers were more often those who could

Ghadbane Mouloud , فتيحة دهماني, وردة بوزيد

كلية العلوم-جامعة محمد بوضياف - المسيلة · الجزائر

The constant evolution of the bacterial resistance in antibiotics and the emergence of newinfectious diseases justify the urgency to arrange new antimicrobial molecules. In this study we testedthe antimicrobial activity of actinomycetes isolated form asoil of plantDaucus sahariensisbreM , appropriated of the region Boussaada à M’sila, arid zone to semi-aridsituated in the north-east of Algeria,The antimicrobial activity was estimated by the technique of striescroisées against feve bacteria Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Kelbseuillapheumoniae ATCC532,Enterococusfaccalis ATCC 2035, E. coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus and filamentousfungi phytophtora (phytopathogenic), and Candida albicans ATCC10231 yeast. The threeactinobacter MSBA1, MSBA2 and MSBA5 isolate have shown activity against at for testsbacteria.The larger zones of inhibition were observed with MSBA5 possess a strong activity against atleast one of the microorganisms-tests. These isolates can be a potential agent producing of manybioactive molecules, in particular the antibiotics of interest biotechnology and pharmacology

Hamdan N. Al-Ghmedy , Mohamed Balah

كلية الهندسة-جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن · السعودية

The primary objective of this dissertation is the development of a modeling tool, using the finite element method, for static and dynamic analysis of general refined laminated shell structures undergoing finite rotations and large motion with strains assumed to remain small. A kinematic model based on the material representation is presented leading to a third order shear deformation theory with large rotation capabilities and quadratic transverse shear stress distribution across the thickness. A singularity-free parametrization of the rotation field is adopted with it the exponential mapping for configuration update. A Total Lagrangian formulation is used with the second Piola-Kirchhoff stresses, Green-Lagrange strains and constitutive equations defined with respect to laminate with general curvilinear coordinates. The developed shell element is composed of an arbitrary number of layers where the fiber directions are allowed to vary in any way from layer to layer. The finite element discretization is carried out using a four-node isoparametric laminated shell element with seven degrees of freedom per node. The transverse shear locking problem is avoided by applying the Assumed Natural Strain concept to the constant part of the transverse shear strain. A consistent linearization of the weak form of equilibrium equations (static case) or equations of motion (dynamic case) is undertaken to achieve a quadratic rate of convergence. The dynamic part consists of designing and implementing an energy-momentum conserving time stepping algorithm. This algorithm is based on a general methodology for the design of exact energy-momentum schemes, which was recently proposed in the literature and applied successfully to nonlinear shells based on the first order shear deformation theory. Here it is extended, for the first time, to the third order shear deformation theory. The developed finite rotation shell element is then implemented in two independent computer programs, one for static and the other for dynamic analysis. Then it is tested on some challenging linear and nonlinear problems, recently reported in the literature, and the results show its excellent performance and robustness. A couple of examples show the discrepancy in prediction between between third and first order shear deformation theories and this raises the need for such refined theories

بوذراع بلقاسم, كحلوش فدوى

كلية الحقوق-جامعة الاخوة منتورى - قسنطينة 1 · الجزائر

The development of trade and economic life and the human desire to achieve more profits led to the emergence of different corporations, such as partnerships, capital companies and joint ventures.A company goes through three stages, the foundation, the management and the dissolution. It is led by natural persons, who are responsible for theadministration and management of its business, who may make mistakes andcrimes that are referred to as: white-collar crimes.And to counter this, a new section of the law has emerged, known as the criminal code of companies, with which another responsibility appeared, the criminal responsibility of those in charge of the company, such as partners,managers and directors, also known by the term criminal responsibility of the manager, which was the subject of our current research.During the study of the criminal responsibility of the manager, we found that there were concepts and exceptions in the rule which coincided with the emergence of the criminal responsibility of the Manager.And among these exceptions, there is the vicarious criminal responsibility,which is mostly relied to personal acts on the basis of personal faults, and is considered absent by the absence of the fault, or the presence of obstructions of the criminal responsibility in accordance with the general rule.In addition, we also note that even the absence of criminal responsibilityhas exceptions other than those provided by the general rule. It comes to thedelegation of jurisdiction for all or part of the responsibilities of the offender or the transgressor in accordance with the defined conditions.Moreover, the criminal liability of the corporation has been approved, andcriminal penalties have been established that are consistent with its nature,such as fines, confiscation and even closure.Algerian legislation, like the rest of legislations, has dealt with the criminal liability of the Manager and commercial companies in general, however, this exposure was in the provisions of the Commercial Code, and it has not been established a law for these provisions, as did the French legislation for example, which created a law on commercial companies.In our opinion, the Algerian law, regarding commercial companies and the criminal responsibility of those companies and those in charge, still suffers from a great lack, whether in theory or in practice, which helped the spread of crime in the notion of the criminal code of business.This is why we ask for the revision of laws on commercial companies and the establishment of sufficiently dissuasive sanctions to reduce such criminality.

فاطمة عبد الله محمد فضل الله , محمد الحسن صالح الأمين أحمد (المشرف الأول (إبراهيم عبد الجبار مساعد عوض السيد (المشرف الثاني

كلية العلوم التربوية-جامعة الجزيرة · السودان

تلعب المعاملات المالية دوراً مهماً في حياة الناس لتحقيق مصالحهم. ومن بين هذه المعاملات المالية التحويلات المصرفية التي تطورت وسائلها وأنواعها. لذا هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعريف بالحوالة المصرفية ومشروعيتها وأحكامها في الفقه والقانون لإبراز العلاقة بين أركانها. وبيان حكم الشرع في التحويلات الحديثة كتحويل الأرصدة عبر أجهزة الهاتف الجوال. كما هدفت الدراسة للتعرف على آراء الفقهاء فيها. استخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي والاستقرائي من خلال عرض آراء الفقهاء وترجيح ما قوي دليله وثَبُتَ، ومقارنة ذلك بقانون المعاملات السوداني لسنة 1984م. توصلت الدراسة إلى إثبات مشروعية الحوالة بالكتاب والسنة والإجماع وأنها تنعقد بأي لفظ دال على معناها أو بالإشارة ولو من الأخرس وهو ما ذهب إليه قانون المعاملات السوداني لسنة 1984م . وتوصلت الدراسة إلى تَرتُب بعض الآثار على كل من المحال والمحيل والمحال عليه. كذلك توصلت إلى أن التمويل يمكن أن يتم عن طريق مصرف واحد أو مصرفين. وأن هنالك علاقة بين السفتجة والحوالة والصرف فكلاهما معاملة في الديون . وتوصلت الدراسة إلى اتفاق الفقهاء على أن الدَّين المحال به حالّاً حتى لا يقع المحظور كذلك الشيك من الصور الحية للحوالة المصرفية. وعدم مواكبة قانون المعاملات المدنية السوداني لسنة 1984م لبعض أنواع التحويلات مع تطور وسائلها كالجوالات وماكينات التحويل الحديثة. وأوصت بضرورة التقيد بأحكام الشرع عند إجراء التحويلات بكل أنواعها ومراعاة السعر الجاري عند التحويل المصرفي أو العادي حتى لا يقع المحظور والدخول في الربا وذلك بوضع ضوابط وأسس شرعية عند التحويل من بلد لأخر كتحديد سعر صرف العملات الأجنبية .كما أوصت بتوعية المجتمع خاصة التجار وموظفي البنوك بفقه المعاملات خاصة المعاملات المرتبطة بالمصارف . كذلك ضرورة مراجعة مواد قانون المعاملات المدنية السوداني لسنة 1984م في المواد المتعلقة بآثار التحويل المصرفي لتضمين الأحكام الشرعية وما ذهب إليه الفقهاء في بيان آثار التحويلات المصرفية . وتقييد التحويلات المصرفية وإلزام شركات الإتصالات بضوابط محددة تتماشى مع الشرع تطبق من خلال قوانين المعاملات المدنية لعدم الوقوع في المحظور وأكل أموال الناس بالباطل