Nabil Harrat, Samia Achour
كلية العلوم-جامعة باجي مختار - عنابة · الجزائر
BELLOVT.B , DEHKISSI FATNA
كلية التكنولوجيا-جامعة أبو بكر بلقايد - تلمسان · الجزائر
Dans cette étude, j'ai décrit l'emballage et ses principales fonctions, les procédés de fabrication etles matériaux utilisés ainsi que les processus de la réutilisation, du recyclage, et quelques méthodes decontrôle de l'emballage en verre. Il ressort de cette étude que l'extraction, la production de matièrespremières ainsi que la fabrication d'emballages utilisent des procédés lourds.Le verre ne réagit pas aux substances étrangères et ne les absorbes pas, il est donc qualifiéd'inerte; d'où la nécessité d'un contrôle rigoureux du point de vue physico-chimique pour l'obtentiond'un verre de haute qualité, ainsi le respect des conditions de commercialisation et du stockage duproduit mis à la disposition du consommateur. Pour cette raison, le verre est le matériau d'emballage leplus sain, ce qui explique pourquoi les laboratoires pharmaceutiques font confiance au verre pourprotéger leurs produits contre la contamination chimique ou biologique.J4bstractIn this study, I describe the package and its main functions, manufacturing processes and materialsused and the process of reuse, recycling, and some methods for controlling the glass packaging. Itappears from this study that the extraction, production of raw materials and packaging manufacturingprocesses use heavy materials.The glass does flot react to foreign substances and do not absorbed, so it is classified as inert. ; hencethe need for careful control of physico-chemical point of view to obtain a high quality glass, and therespect of conditions of marketing and stocking of the product avaîlable to the consumer. For thisreason, glass is the healthiest packaging material, which is why pharmaceutical companies trust glassto protect their products against chemical or biological contamination-1
Eman Salim Saleh, عبده محمد المخلافي
كلية العلوم-جامعة السلطان قابوس · عمان
The present study aimed to investigate EFL teachers' and students' views on the current practices of the student's portfolio in terms of teacher's purposes, students' purposes, teachers' roles and students' roles. It explored the gender differences among teachers and students in their practices of the student's portfolio. Factors that facilitate the implementation of the student's portfolio as viewed by teachers and students as well as the gender difference in the factors were investigated. The population of the study consisted of all grade ten students and cycle two teachers in AL-Batinah South Governorate, The study sample included 953 students and 258 teachers.To collect the data needed to answer the research questions, the researcher developed two instruments: a teachers' questionnaire and a students' questionnaire. The teachers' questionnaire included 5-point Likert scale items and open ended questions to investigate teachers' views on their practices of the students' portfolios and factors that facilitate the implementation. Similarly, the students' questionnaire included 5-point Likert scale and an open ended question to investigate the students' practices and their views on the factors that help in implementing the student's portfolio more effectively.The major findings of the present study were that both teachers and students used the student's portfolio for achieving a variety of purposes; however, the roles that they played might not lead to achieve these purposes. Generally, teachers rarely played their roles in implementing the student's portfolio. The results indicated that teachers hardly prepared their students to implement the student's portfolio and they assessed their students' portfolios in a moderate level. Regarding students, it was found that students rarely participated in making decisions regarding their portfolios and they rarely prepared themselves to complete the portfolios. The most frequent role that they played in compiling their portfolios was to keep all materials, tasks and activities in their portfolios.It was found that there was a gender difference in the teachers' purposes in favour of males. Cycle two male teachers were found to use the student's portfolio to encourage their students to work collaboratively more than female teachers. Seven significant gender differences were found in the students' purposes behind implementing the student's portfolio and all these differences were in favor of female students. The results revealed that there were no gender differences between male and female teachers regarding the roles that they played in both preparing students to implement the portfolio and assessing their students' portfolios. On the other hand, there were gender differences among students in their roles of both making decisions and compiling their portfolios and all of these differences were in favor of female students.Regarding factors that facilitate the implementation of the student's portfolio, both teachers and students agreed to the li t of the given factors. Teachers considered the availability of materials and resources as the most important factor for better implementation of the student's portfolio. Students viewed teachers' support as the most important factor that would lead for better mentation of the student's portfolio. There were gender differences that were found in the factors for both teachers and students.Drawing upon the findings, the researcher has made recommendations for EFL classroom practices and has provided suggestions for further research.
جمال جوده, وجدان جميل علي جابر
كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة النجاح الوطنية · فلسطين
تعتبر دراسة حركة الردة من خلال الرواة الذين تحدثوا عنها، والتي اعتمدت على رواياتهم المصادر التاريخية في القرون الأربعة الهجرية الأولى على قدر كبير من الأهمية، ومن أشهر هؤلاء الرواة:عروة بن الزبير(94هـ/712م) الأسدي المدني، الذي كان على علاقة جيدة مع بني أمية، حيث ذكر رواياته دون اسناد، و محمد بن مسلم (124هـ/741م) ونسبه إلى بني زهرة القرشيين، وقد تمتع هذا الراوي بمكانة مرموقة لدى بني أمية حتى قيل عنه "إن صحبة الملوك أفسدته"، وقد عمل قاضياً لديهم وكان يهتم في الإسناد، وكما تناولنا الراوي محمد بن اسحق (151هـ/768م)المدني المطلبي القرشي، وقيل انه من موالي عين التمر حيث اسر خالد بن الوليد جده يسار، اتهم بالقدرية وانه معتزل وقيل شيعي وكانت علاقته بالدولة الأموية غير جيدة، ومن الرواة أيضا أبو مخنف (157هـ/773م) الازدي الكوفي وقيل تركزت أخباره التاريخية على أخبار السلف حتى نهاية الدولة الأموية، وخاصة بما يتعلق في أخبار العراق، لم ترد له راويات تظهر علاقته بالدولة العباسية وقيل انه شيعي، وتحدثنا عن سيف بن عمر(180هـ/796م) التميمي الكوفي كأحد رواة الردة حيث كانت علاقته بالدولة غامضة، ومن رواة الردة أيضاً الواقدي محمد بن عمر(207هـ/822م) مولى بني أسلم، مدني كان على علاقة جيدة بالدولة العباسية، حيث عمل قاضياً للمأمون ولكنه اتهم بالتشيع وقيل عن أسلوبه انه كان يربط الحدث التاريخي بالجغرافيا، واتبع الإسناد الجماعي، حيث كان يتحدث عن متن واحد متأثرا بمدرسة المدينة.وتناولت هذه الدراسة في الفصل الثاني مفهوم الردة لغة واصطلاحا حيث ورد من معانيه في اللغة الرجوع عن الشئ والحرمان والمنع أما اصطلاحاً فقيل المرتد المانع للزكاة،الذي لا يصلي، الكافر، مدعي النبوة.
منى زبدي , اسماء بن بردي , اسماء فتح الله , يسمينة عوادي
كلية الآداب واللغات-جامعة الشهيد حمة لخضر - الوادي · الجزائر
يهدف هذا البحث الى دراسة النسق الديني والاجتماعي والحضور الأنثوي في رواية وادي الحناء لجميلة طلباوي، التي احتوت ثماني ورقات تسرد أحداث قصة"عويشة" المرأة الصحراوية المثقفة المتحدِّية لعادات وتقاليد مجتمعها الصحراوي المحافظ، كما سلطت الضوء على الزَّاوية ومكانتها في الجنوب الجزائري إضافة إلى عادات وتقاليد وطقوس مجتمع " تيمي" وتعتمد هذه الدراسة على آليات النقد الثقافي، الذي يكشف الأنساق الثقافية و للوصول إلى الهدف المرجو، تمّ اتباع الخطّة المكوّنة من: مدخل يتضمن مفاهيم متعلقة بالنقد الثقافي والنسق الثقافي وفصلين: الأول: الأنساق الثقافية في بعض الروايات (نماذج)، والفصل الثاني: كان تطبيقا على الرواية، تطرّقنا فيه إلى الكشف عن الأنساق الثقافية- تحديدا- النّسق الديني والهيمنة الناعمة والنسق الاجتماعي، وختمنا بحثنا بخاتمة شملت أهم النتائج المتوصل إليها.
Hussain N. Al-Duwaish, Mohammed Mirza Amer Baig, Muhammad A. AL-Arfaj
كلية الهندسة-جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن · السعودية
-Optimization has developed into a prime field of engineering. Its applications can be widely seen in industrial as well as research sectors. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is one of the various tools used in research and industry to maximize efficiency out of process or industry by optimization. PSO has gained much credit due to its simplicity and faster convergence compared to other evolutionary algorithms. However, there are certain limitations that need to be overcome like premature convergence and decreased acceleration when reaching the optimal solution. In this thesis, Hybrid-Integer Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm is developed which can optimize mixed Integer problems with a very fast pace and sure convergence. An example of an industrial process is Reactive Distillation Column (RDC). It has modernized the petrochemical industry in the area of separation of products by the methods of distillation. Distillation requires higher temperature to be maintained in RDC, the burners that supply the necessary heat to maintain the temperature require constant supply of fuel. RDC exhibits non-linearity due to chemical reactions. The design of the RDC is a factor that determines the amount of fuel consumed. Thus optimization at design level will lead to optimal fuel consumption of process. The developed Hybrid-Integer PSO in this research is applied to find an optimal design for minimum fuel consumption and attain the same purity of separated products. It is noticed that the optimization leads to a process design with lesser fuel consumption and same product purity. The optimization algorithm is also tested for standard test problems and the results are compared to those cited.
حامد سليمان, سعيدة حسان, عثمان عبدالله
كلية علوم التمريض-جامعة الخرطوم · السودان
This study was carried out to assess the validity of the latex agglutination (LAT) as a quickscreening technique against ELISA test in the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in HIV infectedindividuals. A total number of 72 of HIV/AIDS patients and 72 control sera were collected fromVoluntary Counseling and Testing Center (VCT) and Blood Bank of Sudan Heart Centerrespectively. The HIV infected patients (males and females) were ELISA screened and confirmed byWestern Blot. Anti-Toxoplasma antibodies (IgG and IgM) were detected in all individuals by LATand ELISA. Estimation of CD4+ cells count in patients was carried out.As for the control group serum samples were tested for HIV, VDRL and HBsAg by the blood bankand were negative for HIV, VDRL and HBsAg. The results showed that Anti-Toxoplasma antibodiesdetected by latex agglutination test in HIV positive and HIV negative individuals were detected in43% (31/72) and 38.8%(28/72) respectively. There was no significant difference between the twogroups (x2=0.611, p-value > 0.05). However, the rates of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies detected byELISA in the same groups were; 30.6% (22/72) in HIV positive patients and 18 % (13/72) in HIVnegative individuals. There was significant difference between HIV positive and HIV negativeindividuals(x2=0.001, p-value<0.05). Moreover, the prevalence rate of IgG anti-Toxoplasmaantibodies in HIV positive group was 27.8% (20/72) and in HIV negative group was 8.3%(6/72).Further, the prevalence rates of IgM anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in HIV positive and controlindividuals were; 5.6% (4/72) and 9.7% (7/72) respectively. It was concluded that the prevalencerate of IgG anti-Toxoplasma antibodies was higher in HIV positive than control individuals and thatthe prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies was higher in HIV infected individuals than in thegeneral population. While the prevalence rate of IgM anti-Toxoplasma antibodies was higher incontrol in HIV positive individuals.iiiThe prevalence rate of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies depending on HIV infection revealed significantdifference. Further, comparison between LAT and ELISA test showed significant difference withELISA being more sensitive than the LAT. Therefore, it was concluded that both tests were useful inthe diagnosis of latent toxoplasmosis and that LAT is a simple and reliable test to be used for quickscreening. However, since it yields some false positive results, the LAT should be confirmed byELISA test which is considered to be a more specific test.
Ziad Merdaoui, Abedellah Khellaf, Omar Nadjemi
كلية العلوم الهندسية-جامعة سعد دحلب - البليدة · الجزائر
La caractérisation bioclimatique d'un site donné passe nécessairement par une meilleure connais- sance du gisement solaire. Pour cela, il est indispensable de disposer de séquences climatiquà partir d'une base de données météorologiques, soit à partir d'un modèle mathématique permettant de générer des données artificielles pour le site étudié. Ce dernier cas s’avère souvent une nécessité incontournable dans plusieurs régions sur notre territoire. es adaptées, soit En s'appuyant sur des statistiques radiométriques issues des données mesurées du rayonnement solaire globale reçu sur un plan horizontal (moyenne journalière), nous proposons une étude expérimentale comparative, sur une période de quelques années, entre deux sites : le site de Bouzaréah et le site de Ghardaïa. Le premier représente un climat plus ou moins tempéré, alors que le second repré- sente un climat désertique. Cette démarche nous conduit à l’évaluation de quelques modèles mathématiques. Les modèles utilisés indiquent une bonne estimation du rayonnement solaire à partir de la durée d’insolation mesurée
عائشة خلوفي , عبدالرزاق فوزي
كلية العلوم الاقتصادية والتجارية وعلوم التسيير-جامعة فرحات عباس - سطيف1 · الجزائر
Bernard Etlicher , Mohamed Zaoui , Slimane Himouri
كلية العلوم التكنولوجية-جامعة عبد الحميد بن باديس مستغانم · الجزائر
The selection of the favourite elementary watershed for a hill reservoir needs theassociation of all the essential criteria and all the interested decision makers. A geographicalinformation system (GIS) is a strong tool for studying spatial data but it does not offer anappropriate decision making methodology. Due to their spatial aggregation functions,Multicriteria Analysis (MCA) methods can simplify decision making in situations wherevarious solutions are available, and when several criteria have to be considered and decisionmakersare not in accord. Nevertheless, they often do not consider the spatial reference of thedata. Therefore, the use of GIS and multicriteria methods generate a forceful spatial decisionmaking system. The approach is tested on the selection of hill reservoirs established in theterritory of the Wilaya of Mostaganem in Northen Algeria. The approach covers the followingpoints: determination of the criteria by the use of open source GIS tool SAGAGIS andevaluation of the hierarchy of alternatives through a tool specialized in AMC (D-Sightsoftware, developed by laboratories coded SMG, ULB) by applying algorithmsPROMETHEE-GAIA thereafter the AHP method was applied. The consistency of resultsconfirms the effectiveness of the followed approach. This research contributes to help decisionmakers to rank elementary watersheds drained by the main hydrographic streams of the studyarea for the establishment of hydraulic equipment in our case «hill reservoirs».
