Mohammed K. S. Shbair, Mohammed K. Alhindy, Sabreen H. A. Abu Assi

كلية الصيدلة-جامعة الازهر - غزة · فلسطين

Introduction: Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a type of mycotoxin, which can be found in milk and dairy products. Contaminations with AFM1 occur during harvest, drying, and storage in high humidity and temperature conditions. It has a high carcinogenic potential, high level of genotoxic activity, causes stunted growth of children and immune suppression. The aim of study was to examine AFM1 presence and to compare the results with European codex (EC) limits in samples collected from Gaza strip. Methods: Samples (n=96) consisting of milk and milk-based products locally produced or imported were obtained randomly from farms and markets in Gaza Strip. The samples were transported in refrigerated containers (4°C) and stored at (-20°C) until analysis. AFM1 was determined by direct competitive ELISA technique. Analysis followed instructions of manufacturer for kit(MyBioSource, USA). Results: AFM1 was positive in the majority of samples. AFM1 in raw milk (93% of samples) recorded a range (0.09-0.53ppb), which exceeded EC limits. While synthetic liquid milk and chocolate synthetic liquid milk samples showed AFM1 in a percent of (86%) and all were exceeded the EC limits. And white cheese samples showed AFM1 in a percent of (71%) and all were above EC limits. Regarding labneh, yogurt, flavored yogurt AFM1 was positive, and exceeded EC limits in(60%) and (58%) of samples, respectively. All samples of butter and powdered milk had AFM1 above EC limits. In addition, imported samples of pasteurized, synthetic liquid milk, labneh, cheeseand powdered milk were analyzed and high percent of them were exceeded the EC limits. Conclusions: All the age groups including infants and children consumed daily milk and milk products. The results of this study are alarming. AFM1 levels should be controlled regularly in milk and dairy products to minimize the health hazard caused by AFM1. Agricultural and veterinary practices should be improved to control dairy cow's feed. Keywords: Aflatoxin M1, Dairy products, ELISA, EC, Palestine.

سليم معمر قجوم , مختار الاشهب, هيثم أحمد

جامعة طرابلس · ليبيا

Abu-Shaybah Formation is located on the coastal of the Meditrranean sea South of Ghanimah North West of Libya, betwe Tripoli and Al Khumes, about 100 km East of Tripoli. It lies on the eastern d of Jabel Nafusa flank. Abu Shaybah Formation Ghanimah ea of Late Triasic age, consists of sandstone. The sedimty structure in the lower most pt from studied outcrops reflect NW paleocurrt direction indicating that Jabel Nafusa uplift poorly effect the study ea. The upper pt of studied succession changing in pallaeocurrt dirction to NE due to Jabel Nafusa uplifting. The extreme changing of paleocurrt direction and paleoslope direction to East due to continuous increase in Jabel Nafusa uplift, direction of vertical joints in Wadi Qirrim prested from NW to SE dirction. The rocks of Abu Shaybah Formation analyzed using differnt kinds of technique, Polrized Microscpe, XRF, SEM techniques. The study of sedimty texture (grain size, roundness, sorting, and sphiricity) and sedimty structures showed that Abu Shaybah Formation outcrops deposited in response to two fining upword cycles, formed mainly in Braided Stream Rivers with some effects of meandering. The sequces of Abu Shaybah Formation outcrops that exposed in Wadi Qirrim have be idtified on many types of sedimty facies associated with giv sedimty stucture as, Plan cross bedding, Convolute bedding, Trouph cross bedding, Ripple bedding, Shrinkage cracks, Plant rootlets, Concretions, Unconformity, Channels, Massive bedding, Laminated bedding, and the results which located on the grain size of qutz also loacted on the grain size of heavy minerals like tormaline, zircon and reutile.

عوض الله محمد , مصطفى النور أحمد محمد

كلية الزراعة-جامعة الخرطوم · السودان

This study was undertaken to identify and analyze factors affecting access to agricultural extension services by private farmers and agricultural cooperative members in Khartoum State from a comparative perspective. The Technology Transfer and Extension Administration of Khartoum State’s Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Resources and Irrigation provides extension services to individual private farmers, and to farmer groups in cooperatives and other farming institutions. Policy-oriented studies are needed to assess the level of access to extension and other agricultural development services by farmers operating under different production and land tenure arrangements, and to suggest ways for their improvement. In this study, private farmers and agricultural cooperative members are compared in terms of individual- and farm-level variables and service access factors. The study is focused on analysis of differences between private farmers and agricultural cooperative members in terms of (1) age, (2) years of formal education, (3) access to extension information services, (4) access to credit, input supply and marketing services, (5) access to farm land, (6) areas under different crops, (7) volume of production of principal crops, (8) gross income from different crops, (9) level of awareness about extension information supply problems, and (10) level of satisfaction with the currently provided extension services. The representation of farmers in cooperatives involved random selection of 10 agricultural production societies from the ones operating in the rural areas of Khartoum-North locality. A stratified quota sampling procedure was employed for selection of 60 respondents to represent the selected agricultural cooperatives, and 30 farmers to represent the agricultural producers operating privately in neighboring areas. The primary data for the study were collected by means of individual interviews with respondents involving use of structured schedules (questionnaires). Secondary data were obtained from the records kept by the selected agricultural cooperatives and the State’s Technology Transfer and Extension Administration. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used in descriptive data analysis and the testing of the study hypotheses. Analysis involved the generation of frequency distribution tables and charts, descriptive statistics, and t-test statistics. Data analysis showed that there were significant differences between private farmers and agricultural cooperative members in terms of access to land preparation services, improved seeds and pest control services, and access to credit and marketing services. The results of t-test analysis also revealed the existence of significant differences between private farmers and agricultural cooperative members in term of access to agricultural extension services. The findings suggest that private farmers have more access to agricultural extension services, whereas farmers in the agricultural cooperatives have more access to input supply services. Differences between private farmers and cooperative members were also detected in relation perception of extension problems and attitudes toward private financing of agricultural extension services. Based on the study findings, a set of recommendations were suggested for improving access to extension and other agricultural development services by private farmers and agricultural cooperative members in Khartoum State, including: 1- Establishment of effective links for strengthening technical cooperation between the State’s Technology Transfer and Extension Administration and the Boards of the agricultural cooperatives. The governing boards of the agricultural cooperatives need to be encouraged to give equal attention to provision of extension services to members as an integral part of their functions, rather than focusing primarily on supply of other agricultural development services. 2- Promoting the training and service delivery facilities of the State’s Technology Transfer and Extension Administration 3- Incorporation of capacity building of agricultural cooperative board members as integral part of the technical duties of the State’s Technology Transfer and Extension Administration. 4- Arranging for access to integrated agricultural development services by small farmers in Khartoum State through development of effective institutional coordination and group action by farmers.

Zineb Abdelli, داودي مراد إبراهيم

كلية الرياضيات وعلوم الحاسب وعلوم المواد-جامعة 8 ماي 1945 قالمة · الجزائر

L’étude de la cinétique des transformations de phase mettent en jeu plusieursprocessus comme la germination et la croissance.Aucune étude physique complète n'a pu être développe dans ce sens ; cependantcertaines lois approximatives dans la mesure elle ne tient compte que de l'énergied'activation apparente, sont couramment utilisées dans l’étude de la cinétique detransformation parce qu'elles sont plus ou moins en accord avec des mesuresexpérimentales.Dans notre travail, on décrit le modèle numérique de genre cinétique (analyseisoconversionnelle) d I'aide des techniques expérimentales qui sont I'analyse différentielle àbalayage (DSC) et I'analyse dilatométrique, L’intérêt de ce modèle numérique est justifié par I'existence d'un nombre important de méthodes d'analyse isoconversionnelle,plus ou moins sophistiques comme celle de Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Friedman...etc.L'affirmation de la cinétique est faite pm l'analyse d diffraction des rayons X (DRX)tel que les résultats obtenus sont bien en accords avec les résultats trouvé par l,analysedilatométrique

Alexandra Fadi Irani, جاد شعبان

كلية الزراعة والعلوم الغذائية-الجامعة الأمريكية في بيروت · لبنان

Climate extreme indices were calculated for the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon using weather data that was collected, digitized and cleaned for the first time from the American University of Beirut Agricultural Research and Education Center for the period 1956-2013. The indices were calculated using the RClimDex software which was developed by Xuebin Zhang and Yang Feng as part of an international initiative to develop and analyze a suite of climate extreme indices. Linear trends were computed using the Theil-Sen estimator which has been widely used in climatic and hydro-meteorological series. Results, although mostly not statistically significant, were in line with trends obtained in previous literature for the Middle East and Lebanon. The growing season length index showed a significant and decreasing trend which can potentially limit the growth of wheat and other crops. A positive trend was noted in the annual count of summer days and tropical nights. Cool days and nights decreased, warm days and nights increased and the cold spell duration index showed a decreasing trend. An increasing but weak trend was observed for all precipitation indices (though not statistically significant). To further explore the impact of this change in climate and its impact on wheat production, the relationship between wheat yields and three monthly climatic variables (maximum temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation) was evaluated for Lebanon for the period 1961-2008. A series of independent regressions was performed between technology-adjusted residuals and monthly climatic variables. Results of multiple regressions showed that the maximum temperature for March has a high and statistically significant negative effect on yields. The logged precipitation for April and logged precipitation squared for November also showed a significant positive effect and are in line with winter wheat growth stages and water requirements. The above results should be considered in the larger context where as much as 50-80percent of wheat grown in

ياسمين أنور السلوم

الجامعة التكنولوجية · العراق

المهتدي أغوتان, كوثر الهاشمي

كلية الطب والصيدلة - مراكش-جامعة القاضي عياض · المغرب

خلود رزايقي, منى كروش

معهد العلوم الاقتصادية، التجارية وعلوم التسيير-المركز الجامعي عبد الحفيظ بو الصوف · الجزائر

Ait Abdelmalek Ghania, Ziani Rezki

كلية هندسة الكترونية ومعلومات-جامعة مولود معمري - تيزي وزو · الجزائر

De façon à répondre à la demande émergente des industriels pour le développement de méthodes pouvant augmenter et garantir un degré de fiabilité optimal des circuits intégrés tôt dans le flot de conception même en présence de défauts, nous proposons dans le cadre de ma thèse, une méthodologie susceptible d’augmenter la fiabilité de tels circuits via l’augmentation du rendement de fabrication. Cette dernière se décompose en deux points : - Méthodologie de test des circuits intégrés dans le but de détecter les défaillances des circuits intégrés notamment, la simulation de fautes, le générateur de vecteurs de test ATPG « Automatic Test Pattern Generation » et la conception en vue du test DFT « Design For Test » ayant les performances pour assurer la fiabilité descircuits, diminuer le coût du test des circuits tout en gardant les performances de ces derniers. - Méthodologie de tolérance aux fautes et d’amélioration de la fiabilité : une redondance modulaire triple « TMR » renforcée en « TMR double, et TMR triple »par le biais de partitionnement des éléments redondants, qui composent le circuit réalisé afin d’assurer son fonctionnement tout en minimisant sa surface et donc le coût du circuit global. Cette méthode est ensuite appliquée à des circuits du « benchmarks ISCAS85 et ITC99 », ce qui nous démontre sa faisabilité et son efficacité.

أيمن عبدالقادر راضي , جهاد أحمد عفيف ياسين

اكاديمية الادارة والسياسة للدراسات العليا, جامعة الأقصى · فلسطين