إبراهيم حسين السكري, أحمد إسماعيل أحمد عبد العال, حسين الظاهر جمعة, عبد العزيز بسيوني المنشاوي

كلية الزراعة-جامعة الاسكندرية · مصر

The study included two groups of field experiments: Effects of irrigation, nitrogen, and biofertilizer on soil and plant. Effect of irrigation, nitrogen, and farmyard manure on soil and plant. These experiments were planned as follows: The main treatment was the irrigation regime: i. Normal irrigation (NI), which received 100% of the ETpan, and the number of irrigations was seven. ii. Deficit irrigation (DI), which was carried out by reducing the number of irrigations to five. The sub-main treatments were nitrogen fertilizer application: Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at the following three rates: i. N0: the control ii. N30: application of 30 kg N/fed iii. N60: application of 60 kg N/fed iv. N90: application of 90 kg N/fed The sub-sub main treatments included two different fertilizer sources: i. Biofertilizer (B): Biofertilizer treatments included untreated seeds (B0) and treated seeds (B1) with serialin (for the first experiment). ii. Farmyard manure (FYM): The treatments were without (FYM0) and with 20 m³/fed treatments (FYM1) application (for the second experiment). The experimental design was split-split plots with four replicates. Treatments of the first experiment were irrigation, nitrogen, and biofertilizer treatments, and of the second experiment were irrigation, nitrogen, and farmyard manure treatments. The area of the plot was 7m * 6m (42m²). The seeds of wheat were planted in December 2007 and harvested in May 2008. The base fertilization of all soil plots was carried out during land preparation with the application of superphosphate fertilizer (12.5% P₂O₅) at a rate of 30 kg P₂O₅/fed, and potassium sulphate (49% K₂O) at a rate of 24 kg K₂O/fed. Irrigation was carried out using fresh water from the El-Nubaria canal. Sampling of soils (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm) was carried out before cultivation, after 30 days, 75 days, and 152 days from planting, and before each irrigation to determine moisture content. These samples are defined as at tillering, heading, and harvest growth stages. The soil chemical analyses were carried out for the determination of the amounts of available macronutrients (N, P, and K). The soil biochemical analyses were carried out to determine the SMBC, SMBN, and SR. Sampling of plants was carried out at the three growth stages for the determination of growth parameters: fresh weight, dry weight, straw, grain yields, and also the concentrations of N, P, and K in plant organs. Fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency (FNUE), nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE), nitrogen harvest index (NHI), irrigation water utilization efficiency (IWUtE), and water use efficiency (WUE) were calculated. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using SAS Software Statistical Packages and are summarized in the following paragraphs. 5.1 Effect of Irrigation, Nitrogen, and Biofertilizer (The First Experiment): 5.1.1 Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen: The results obtained showed significant increases in the amounts of available N in soil samples collected at tillering, heading, and harvest growth stages with increasing rates of applied N. The amount of available N was generally higher in soil samples of the upper layer than in those of the lower layer. However, there were no significant interaction effects between rates of applied N and irrigation (NI and DI) treatments on the amounts of available N in soil samples at the three growth stages. The amounts of available N in soil samples decreased with proceeding plant growth and were, as overall mean values, 44.8, 39.2, and 33.6 mg N/kg in soil samples of the upper layer collected at tillering, heading, and harvest growth stages, respectively. The results showed no significant variations in the amounts of available P, K, and the amounts of O.M. in soil samples with nitrogen and irrigation treatments at the three growth stages. The results showed significant increases in the levels of SMBC, SMBN, and SR with increasing rates of applied N for both soil samples of the upper and lower layers collected at the three growth stages. It is also clear that the levels of SMB, in general, were almost higher in soils of the upper layer than in those of the lower layer. The data also showed that higher levels of SMBC were found in soil samples collected at heading (overall mean value of 314.5 mg C/kg soil) than at tillering (overall mean value of 294.8 mg C/kg soil), while those at harvest were the lowest (overall mean value of 170.5 mg C/kg soil). The levels of SMBN were the highest in soils collected at tillering (overall mean value of 173.8 mg N/kg soil) and the lowest at harvest (overall mean value of 82.3 mg N/kg soil), while at heading, they were moderate (overall mean value of 123.9 mg N/kg soil). The results also showed significant increases in the levels of SR with increasing rates of applied N, and these levels were higher in soil samples of the upper layer than in those of the lower layer. Also, there were no significant variations in the levels of SR due to irrigation regime treatments. The data also showed that the levels of SR were higher at heading (overall mean value of 160.5 mg C/kg soil) than at tillering (overall mean value of 137.9 mg C/kg soil), while those at harvest were the lowest (overall mean value of 111.6 mg C/kg soil). The fresh and dry weights of the above-ground parts of wheat plants at tillering and harvest growth stages increased significantly with increasing rates of applied N. In addition, there were significant interaction effects between rates of applied N and irrigation treatments on the dry weights of wheat plants at the three growth stages. However, plants subjected to deficit irrigation (DI) had lower values than those subjected to normal irrigation (NI). The straw and grain yields significantly increased with increasing rates of applied N, and there were significant interaction effects between N application and irrigation regime treatments on the straw and grain yields. The straw and grain yields were significantly higher with NI treatment than with DI treatment. There were significant increases in the concentrations of N, P, and K in the above-ground parts of wheat plants at the three growth stages with increasing rates of applied N. There were significant interaction effects between irrigation treatments and N application on the concentrations of these elements in plants. There were also significant increases in the concentrations of N, P, and K in the grain of wheat with increasing rates of applied N. However, there were no significant interaction effects between N application and irrigation treatments on the concentration of N and P in the grain. These results also indicated that the uptakes of N, P, and K by the straw and grain increased with increasing rates of applied N. There were pronounced decreases in the values of FNUE and NUtE by wheat plants with increasing rates of applied N. However, there were no marked variations in the values of NHI with increasing rates of applied N. In addition, the values of FNUE were generally higher with NI plants than DI plants, while the opposite was found with NUtE, while there were no marked variations between NI plants and DI plants for NHI. With respect to IWUtE, their values increased with increasing rates of applied N from 0.50 kg grain/m³ (N0 treatment) to 1.14 kg grain/m³ (N90 treatment). The values of IWUtE were generally higher with DI (mean value of 0.89 kg grain/m³) than NI (mean value of 0.83 kg grain/m³) treatments. Also, the values of WUE increased with increasing rates of applied N from 0.88 kg grain/m³ (N0 treatment) to 1.90 kg grain/m³ (N90 treatment). The values of WUE were generally higher with DI (mean value of 1.29 kg grain/m³) than NI (mean value of 1.47 kg grain/m³) treatments. 5.1.2 Effect of Irrigation and Biofertilizer: The results showed no significant increases in the amounts of available N, P, and K in soils collected at the three growth stages due to irrigation treatment and biofertilizer application. Also, there were no significant interaction effects between irrigation treatments and biofertilizer application on the amounts of available N, P, and K in soil samples. The results also showed no significant increases in the amounts of O.M. in soil samples due to irrigation regime treatments and biofertilizer application. Also, there were no significant interaction effects between irrigation and biofertilizer treatments on the amounts of O.M. in soils. With respect to SMB, there were significant increases in the levels of SMBC, SMBN, and SR as a result of irrigation and biofertilizer treatments in soil samples collected at the three growth stages. However, there were no significant interaction effects between irrigation regime and biofertilizer treatment on SMBC, SMBN, and SR. It is clear from the obtained results that the levels of SMBC, SMBN, and SR were almost higher in soil samples of the upper layer than in those of the lower layer. The results also showed that the level of SMB was influenced by the growth stage of wheat plants. Thus, the levels of SMBC were higher in soil samples (0-20 cm) collected at heading (mean values of 314.5 mg C/kg soil) than at tillering (mean values of 294.8 mg C/kg soil), while those at harvest were the least (mean value of 170.5 mg C/kg soil). On the other hand, the levels of SMBN in soil samples of (0-20 cm) collected at tillering were higher (mean values of 173.9 mg N/kg soil) than those at heading (mean values of 123.9 mg N/kg soil) and at harvest (mean value of 82.3 mg N/kg soil). However, the levels of SR were higher in soil samples (0-20 cm) collected at heading (mean value of 160.5 mg CO₂/kg soil) than at tillering (mean value of 137.9 mg CO₂/kg soil) and at harvest (mean values of 111.6 mg CO₂/kg soil). The results showed no significant variations in the concentrations of N, P, and K in the above-ground parts of plants at the three growth stages as a result of irrigation and biofertilizer application. The same effects were found with respect to the concentration of N, P, and K in the grain. The amounts of N, P, and K uptake by straw and grain increased markedly with biofertilizer application and were higher in plants subjected to NI than DI irrigation. The values of IWUtE were markedly higher in plants subjected to DI than in plants subjected to NI. There was also a marked effect due to biofertilizer application on IWUtE (mean value of 0.88 kg grain/m³) as compared with the untreated (mean value of 0.84 kg grain/m³). Also, there were marked effects of biofertilizer treatments on the values of WUE. As mean values, it increased from 1.29 kg grain/m³ (FYM0) to 1.48 kg grain/m³ (FYM1). 5.1.3 Effect of Nitrogen and Biofertilizer: The obtained results showed significant increases in the amounts of available N in soil with increasing rates of applied N, while those of P and K were not significantly affected. This has been found in soil samples of the upper and lower layers. Also, there were no significant interaction effects between nitrogen and biofertilizer treatments on the amounts of available N, P, and K in soil. There were no significant variations in the amounts of O.M. due to the application of nitrogen and biofertilizer in both soils of the upper and lower layers. The results showed significant increases with increasing rates of applied N and biofertilizer treatment. The levels of SMBC were almost higher in soil samples of the upper layer than in those of the lower layer. The highest levels of SMBC were recorded in soil samples at the heading growth stage (mean value of 314.5 mg C/kg soil), while the lowest were found in soil samples at harvest (mean value of 170.5 mg C/kg soil), and the moderate at tillering (mean value of 294.8 mg C/kg soil). There were positive significant interaction effects between N application and biofertilizer treatment on the levels of SMBC in soil samples of the upper layers. It is generally clear that biofertilizer treatment significantly increased the level of SMBC from 207.0 to 382.6, from 215.2 to 413.7, and from 114.5 to 226.5 mg C/kg soil at tillering, heading, and harvest growth stages, respectively. The levels of SMBN increased significantly with increasing rates of applied N and were higher in soil samples of the upper layer than in those of the lower layer. Also, biofertilizer treatment significantly increased the levels of SMBN in the upper layer. There were no significant interaction effects between N application and biofertilizer on the levels of SMBN in the upper layer. The levels of SR significantly increased with increasing rates of applied N in both soil layers. However, there were no significant effects on the level of SR due to biofertilizer treatment. There were also no significant interaction effects between N application and biofertilizer treatment on the level of SR. The results also showed that the levels of SR were generally higher at heading than at harvest and moderate at tillering growth stage. The results obtained showed that the fresh, dry weight, straw, and grain yield of wheat plants had significantly increased with increasing rates of applied N. However, there were significant interaction effects between N application and biofertilizer treatments on the fresh and dry weights of plants at the three growth stages, and also, there were significant interaction effects between N application and biofertilizer on the straw and grain yield of wheat. The concentrations of N, P, and K in the above-ground parts of plants increased significantly with increasing rates of applied N. There were positive significant variations of N concentration in plants due to N application treatments at the heading growth stage. Also, the concentration of N, P, and K in the grain increased with increasing rates of applied N, while there were no significant effects due to biofertilizer treatments. The amounts of N, P, and K taken up by wheat plants increased with increasing rates of applied N, in both straw and grain. Biofertilizer treatments improved the concentrations of N, P, and K in grain, while this effect was not clear in straw except with K. However, the total N, P, and K uptake in plants was markedly increased with biofertilizer treatment. 5.2 Effect of Irrigation, Nitrogen, and Farmyard Manure (The Second Experiment): 5.2.1 Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen: The obtained results showed that the application of N fertilizer significantly increased the amount of available N in soil samples at the three growth stages of wheat plants. However, there were no significant effects between N application and irrigation treatments on the amounts of available N in soils. It is also clear that the amount of available N in soil samples decreased with proceeding plant growth. The results also showed that the application of N fertilizer had no significant effects on both the amounts of available P and K and the amounts of O.M. in soil samples at the three growth stages of wheat plants. On the other hand, soil microbial biomass expressed as SMBC, SMBN, and SR significantly increased with N application. However, there were no significant interaction effects between N application and irrigation treatment on the levels of SMB in soil samples at the three growth stages of wheat plants The level of SMB was almost higher in soil samples of the upper layer than in those of the lower layer. The levels of SMBC were higher in soil samples at heading than at tillering and harvest growth stages (mean values of 315.2, 288.6, and 202.0 mg C/kg soil, respectively). The same trend was found for SR. However, the levels of SMBN were higher at tillering than at heading and harvest. The fresh and dry weights of wheat plants increased significantly with increasing rates of applied N with NI and DI irrigation. There were also significant interaction effects between N application and irrigation treatments on the fresh and dry weights of wheat plants at the three growth stages. The same effects were recorded for straw yield and grain yield. The results showed that the application of N fertilizer significantly increased the concentration of N in the above-ground parts of plants at the three growth stages. However, there were no significant interaction effects between N application and irrigation treatments on the concentration of N in plants. Also, the application of N had no significant effects on the concentration of P and K in plants at tillering and heading growth stages. Also, the application of N fertilizer significantly increased the concentration of N, P, and K in the grain of wheat. However, there were no significant interaction effects between N application and irrigation regime treatments on the concentration of these elements in the grain. The amounts of N, P, and K taken up by the straw and grain markedly increased with increasing rates of applied N. It seems also that NI irrigation increased nutrient contents in the straw and grain, which were markedly higher than those of plants subjected to DI irrigation. The values of fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency (FNUE) of wheat plants decreased with increasing rates of applied N from 55.3 to 27.4 with N30 to N90 in plants subjected to NI and decreased from 46.0 to 23.6 with N30 to N90 in plants subjected to DI irrigation. This points out the role of N in improving FNUE under deficit irrigation. Also, the values of NUtE decreased with increasing rates of applied N with NI and DI irrigation. However, the values of NUtE were higher in plants subjected to DI than to NI at each rate of applied N, which were 54.7 and 50.2, 47.8 and 43.4, 46.3 and 42.2, and 45.1 and 42.2 with N0, N30, N60, and N90 treatments, respectively. Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) of wheat plants increased with NI irrigation from 70.2 (N0 treatment) to 73.5 (N90 treatment), while at DI irrigation, these values increased from 70.1 (N0 treatment) to 73.1 (N90 treatment). The data showed the role of N under irrigation deficit for improving N fertilization by plants. The values of IWUtE increased with increasing

حفصة حافظ , حمو فرعون, حنان شنين

كلية العلوم الاجتماعية-جامعة عبد الحميد بن باديس مستغانم · الجزائر

إن التطورات الجارية في مجال تكنولوجيا المعلومات و مكتبات و دوره في التنمية في شتى المجالات ، جعل المهنة المكتبية محل الدراسة .و الاهتمام من طرف العديد من الاختصاصيين بحث عن طرق الملائمة لتطوير المهنة و كذا تهيئة العناصر البشرية ، و المادية لتحقيق ذلك .و يهدف هذا البحث الى الكشف عن مدى تأثير تكنولوجيا المعلومات الحديثة على المهنة المكتبية و كذا المكتبيين في مكتبة كلية العلوم الاجتماعية و الإنسانية لجامعة عبد الحميد ابن باديس بمستغانم ،تناولنا في القسم النظري للدراسة المهنة المكتبية و تطورها التاريخي و قوانينها و كذا أخلاقيتها المهنية و كيف أثرت تكنولوجيا المعلومات عليها و تمحورت الدراسة من خلال جمع البيانات الهامة و أراء الموظفين المكتبيين عبر أراء العينة من عاملين بها و من الحصول على النتائج التي كشفت لناأن تكنولوجيا الحديثة كان لها تأثير كبير على المهنة المكتبية و بالتالي على العاملين.

Achwaq Ziar , Hemam Farhouh, Saidi Boubakr

كلية علوم الطبيعة والحياة-جامعة ابن خلدون – تيارت · الجزائر

Notre travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre d’étudier la dynamique de la végétation poste d’incendie dans les monts de Tiaret dans 04 états différents (2022, 2019, 2016, 1988).Après l’étude floristique, la flore des monts de Tiaret est très riche, avec 58 espèces, 45 genres et 24 familles. Les relevés brulés sont plus importants que les relevés témoins (non brulés), Les familles les plus dominantes sont les poacées (15,51 %), ensuite les astéracées (10.34 %), et les cistacées (08,62 %). Concernant les types biologiques, nous constatons la dominance des thérophytes (31.03 %), puis les phanérophytes (29.31 %), viennent ensuite les hémicryptophytes (17.24 %), ensuite les chaméphytes (13.79 %) et enfin les géophytes (5.17 %). Les types morphologiques de notre zone d’étude se font comme suit : les herbacées (53.44 %), puis la strate buissonnante avec (36.20 %), puis la strate arbustive avec (12.06 %), et la strate arborescente avec (03.44 %). Par contre le spectre phytogéographique est dominé par les espèces méditerranéennes avec un taux de 55 %.D’après l’étude statistique, le calcul de la fréquence montre que les espèces accessoires ont une forte répartition (63.79 %), suivis par les espèces accidentelles (22.41 %) et les espèces constantes (13.79 %), Le calcul de l’indice de Schanon montre une richesse considérable dans notre zone d’étude après incendie (3.89), et l’équitabilité de Pielou affirme que l’abondance des espèces est de même importance (0.59). L’indice de similarité a révélé trois groupes (fort 0.70, faible 0.13 et moyen 0.46). En revanche l’indice de perturbation était de l’ordre de 43.10 % qui confirme la dégradation de notre patrimoine forestière

رحمة بابكر عبدالله محمد, عمر حمد عبد العاطي

كلية العلوم الإدارية-جامعة إفريقيا العالمية · السودان

زهيرة بربوشة, كاميليا بوقهام, نسيمة حمار

كلية الآداب واللغات-جامعة عبد الرحمان ميرة - بجاية · الجزائر

تناولت هذه الدراسة قضية "مرفوعات الأسماء في كتاب سيبويه دراسة في المصطلح" ، فالمصطلح أداة من أدوات التعامل المعرفيو وسيلة التواصل بين الثقافات المختلفةن و قد اعتنى به علماء العربية قديما، فقدموا جهودا كبيرة بداية من سيبويه إلى غاية الاستقرار المصطلح النحوي، فشهد عدة مظاهر منها : الاختلاف و التعدد الاصلاحي، و لعل ما أطلقه عالم العربية في الكتاب دليل على أن علماء العربية تفطنوا إلى دراسة المصطلح...

Khaled Khelfaoui, Roumaissa Lakhal, Soumia Mehimeh

كلية العلوم الدقيقة والاعلام الآلي-جامعة محمد الصديق بن يحيى - جيجل · الجزائر

Notre travail s'articule autour de l'étude du calcul quantique, un sujet récent qui fait appel à deux domaines différents: la physique et l'informatique. Nous avons abordé ce sujet de plusieurs cotés dans le but d'arriver à mettre en oeuvre de façon pratique les différentes notions de ce calcul.Il s'agit exactement de trouver et proposer des méthodes et algorithmes pour réaliser une plateforme du calcul quantique.

M. Y Al-Mandil, حسام صلاح الدين خليل

كلية الهندسة-جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن · السعودية

-This present study was made to address this issue by running an experimental program in the laboratory under simulated conditions to those of the actual environment. Concrete cylinders, each of 76.2 mm (3 in) diameter and 152.4 mm (6 in) height with a slant gap (simulated crack) of 30? angle from vertical and of 1.6 mm (1/16 in) thickness, were epoxy injected using three of the locally available commercial epoxy products. After curing they were exposed to three different environmental conditions, namely a high temperature condition of 70?-C (158?-F), a heat-cool cycling program and a wet-dry cycling program, and then tested in compression, where the bond between epoxy and concrete was subjected to combined compressive and shear stresses. Similarly, concrete beams of dimensions 152.4 mm x 152.4 mm x 533.4 mm (6 inx 6 in x 21 in) with a crack in the middle of each beam simulated by a pre-inserted notch of 1.6 mm (1/16 in) thickness running in the tension zone of the beam were epoxy injected with the same epoxy compounds, exposed to the high temperature condition and the heat-cool cycling program and then tested in flexure where the bond between epoxy and concrete was subjected to linear tensile stresses. Results of this work showed that these environmental factors have a considerable deterimental effect on the epoxy-concrete bond, and therefore, on the strength and durability of repaired concrete elements. The epoxy compounds used showed some variation in their performance under these conditions. The change in their properties at high temperatures, the large difference between their coefficients of thermal expansion and that of concrete and the difference in volume changes between these epoxies and concrete due to the moisture movement into and from the repaired concrete were the main causes of this degradation. Properly formulated epoxies to suit the conditions of the Gulf region should be used in the repair of structures in this region.

Hanan Babikir Eltahir, Humodi Ahmed Saeed, Nasr Mohamed Nasr Ahmed

كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة السودان للعلوم والتكنولوجيا · السودان

Typical respiratory pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), and Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) are now recognized as a significant cause of acute respiratory tract infections. These pathogens account for more than two third of all cases of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The organisms also occur as co-pathogens in mixed infections with mortality rate as high as 25 %. This study was essentially designed to investigate CAP among Sudanese patients acquiring infection from community in Khartoum State. Classical microbiological techniques as well as molecular technique were used achieve the objectives of the study.A total of 360 Sudanese patients (218 males and 142 females) suspected to have CAP and attended outpatient units at different hospitals in Khartoum State were enrolled in this study. These hospitals were AL-Shaab Teaching Hospital, Khartoum North Teaching Hospital, Abu Anja Teaching Hospital and Omdurman Teaching Hospital. The patients were grouped according to their ages as follows (year); 13 to 30, 31 to 60 and 61 to 90. Sputum specimens were collected from each patient and transported to the laboratory under the standard conditions following the Guideline of National Committee for Clinical Laboratories Standards. All specimens were inoculated on an agar media and incubated overnight to isolate the causative agents. DNA was extracted from each sputum specimenby Jena bioscience kit, Germany, and then stored in -20°C until used. A set of specificprimers were used to detect the pathogens using PCR machine. Gene sequence was done for PCR product of S. pneumoniae to confirm the results.The results showed 122(33.8%) of the specimens were positive for bacterial growth. The rest 238(66.2%) demonstrated no bacterial growth. Out of the investigated specimens (n=360), CAP agents were identified as follows; 64(17.8%) S. pneumoniae, 39(10.8%) K. pneumoniae and 19(5.3%) H. influenzae. Moreover, PCR results showed 157(43.6%) of the investigated specimens were positive, while 203(56.4%) were negative. The detected agents were S. pneumoniae 81(22.5%), K. pneumoniae 43(11.9%) and H. influenzae 33(9.2%). CAP agents were more prevalent in males 97(26.9%) than females 60 (16.6%), but this result was statistically insignificant. On the other hand, CAP agents were more prevalent in age group 31-60 years. This result was statistically significant only with K. pneumoniae (P= 0.041). The result of the gene sequences showed that the average query cover between 74% to 100% and the identity between 92% to 100%.The study concluded that the prevalence of CAP in Khartoum State is relatively high. S. pneumoniae is ranking the top of the causative agents. PCR is very useful in detection of CAP agents. SHV resistance genes were detected only in K. pneumoniae. Further studies are recommended for detection of the other bacterial species in sputum samples coupled with viral agent using PCR, especially for bacterial PCR-negative samples

الفاضل الفضل بابكر, ايمان احمد عبدالله محمد

كلية الزراعة-جامعة الخرطوم · السودان

Two sorghum cultivars; namely Tabat and Wad Ahmed, were used in this study, sorghum flour was supplemented with wheat flour and pigeonpea flour by the rate of 10%, 15%, and 20%. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of complementation on nutritional value of the flour of sorghum cultivars. The results showed that addition of both wheat flour and pigeonpea flour to sorghum flour its increased ash, protein and minerals content, but decrease in carbohydrates and anti nutritional factors. Addition of 20% pigeonpea and 10% wheat flour to Tabat flour gave higher protein and ash content, while addition of 10% pigeonpea and 20% wheat flour to the flour of same sorghum cultivar gave lower protein and ash contents compared to that contained 20% pigeonpea and 10% wheat flour. Addition of 20% pigeonpea flour and 10% wheat flour to Wad Ahmed flour gave higher protein, and ash contents, while addition of 10% pigeonpea flour and 20% wheat flour to the flour of same sorghum cultivar gave lower protein and ash contents compared to other Wad Ahmed treatments. Addition of 20% pigeonpea flour and 10% wheat flour to Tabat flour followed by fermentation gave low in vitro protein digestibility and low anti nutritional factors, while addition of 10% pigeonpea flour and 20% wheat flour to Tabat flour followed by fermentation gave highest in vitro protein digestibility compared with other treatments. Addition of 20% pigeonpea flour and 10% wheat flour to Wad Ahmed flour followed by fermentation gave low in vitro protein digestibility and low anti nutritional factors while addition of 10% pigeonpea flour and 20% wheat flour to Wad Ahmed flour followed by fermentation gave highest in vitro protein digestibility and low anti nutritional factors. Local processing of the composite flour decreased the anti nutritional factors, protein and in vitro protein digestibility, and increased ash and minerals content (Ca, Fe) for both cultivars

سعاد بوقرة, عمر بوضربة

كلية العلوم الانسانية والاجتماعية-جامعة محمد بوضياف - المسيلة · الجزائر

من خلال دراستنا لشخصية عبان، وتتبعنا لمسيرة حياته منذ ولادته إلى غاية وفاته، توصلناإلى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات أهمها:عبان رمضان ولد وسط عائلة غنية لممارستها نوع من التجارة، وكان أحبالأبناء نتيجة تفوقه الدراسي وطبعه الذي ميزه عن غيره.تميز عبان بشخصية قوية، ومزاج متقلب أحيانا، كما أن فترة تعليمه ساهمت في تكوينه، واستطاع خلال هذه الفترة تغذية فكره الوطني بالانضمام إلى حزب الشعب الجزائري – ح ا ح د-.تم اعتقال عبان رمضان وسجنه لمدة 5 سنوات، أثرى عبان ثقافته خلالها بكثرة المطالعة، التي زادت وعيه السياسي وأنارت فكره التحرري، وفور خروجه من السجن، حاول عبان الاتصال بقادة الثورة من أجل الانضمام لها، وهذا ما حدث بالفعل بحيث تولى مسؤولية تنظيم مدينة الجزائر، كما عمل على التصدي لمحاولة جاك سوستيل في خلق ما يعرف بالقوة الثالثة، وعمل على توحيد الصفوف داخل الثورة.استطاع عبان رمضان بجهوده رفقة بعض القادة من عقد أول مؤتمر في الثورة سمي بمؤتمر الصومام 20 أوت 1956، وكان له الدور الرئيسي في هذا المؤتمر، الذي أقر بجملة من القرارات أهمهاأولوية السياسي على العسكري والداخل على الخارج، وبالرغم من وجود بعض الاختلافات والانتقادات التي وجهت لهذا المؤتمرإلاأنه كان نقلة نوعية في تاريخ الثورة التحريرية.حاول عبان الإبقاء على مقررات الصومام، إلاأن ذلك لم يحدث، وتم عقد مؤتمر القاهرة ما بين 20-28 أوت 1957، وتم التخلي كليا عن ما تم تقريره في مؤتمر الصومام سابقا، كما برز سيطرة العسكريين على زمام الأمور.منذ انضمام عبان رمضان إلى الثورة وهو يؤمن بفكرة الاستقلال التام والكلي للجزائر، وهذا ما أكده في محاولاته بالاتصال بمبعوثين عن الحكومة الفرنسية، وفرض شروط جبهة ت والمتمثل في الاستقلال.كان لعبان رمضان علاقات متنوعة أهمها تلك التي ربطته مع قادة المناطق والولايات، والتي اتسمت بالاتفاق في بعض المواقف، والاختلاف في البعض الآخر، أما علاقته مع تيارات الحركة الوطنية من بيانيين وعلماء وشيوعيين فقد تميزت بالتواصل، وعمل عبان بجهد لكي يقنع هذه التيارات للانضمام إلى الثورة وهذا ما تم فعلا، فقد أصبحت جبهة ت و يدا واحدة و شعارها الاستقلال لا غير، وبالنسبة لعلاقة عبان مع الوفد الخارجي، فقد اضطربت خاصة فيما يتعلق بأمور السلاح وكذا بعد عقد مؤتمر الصومام وظهرت خلافات بينهم، كما عمل عبان على الاحتكاك بالأوساطالأوربية المتواجدة في الجزائر، حيث وجد في عائلة بيار شولي سندا له ولرفاقه في السلاح.إن تطور الخلاف بين عبان رمضان وبعض قادة الثورة، دفع ببعض رفاقه إلى اغتياله يوم 27 ديسمبر 1957، وحسب جلاديه أنهمأنقذوا الثورة، لان أفكاره تختلف تماما عن أفكارهم، ولا حل للخلافات التي بينهم سوى التخلص من عبان.وفي الأخير نخلص إلىأن عبان رمضان، كان رجلا سياسيا بالدرجة الأولى، كما كان ذا ثقافة متميزة ميزته عن غيره من مناضلي و قياديي ج ت و ، ومتشبعا بأفكار الحرية والاستقلال، ويأمل بتحقيق أهدافه. عبان وكأيإنسان له ايجابيات وله سلبياته ومن سلبياته انه كان يحب فرض رأيه، كما كان ذا طبع متشدد وحاد في بعض الأحيان، هذا ما جعل رفاقه أو الأصحإخوته يعدمونه ويتخلصون منه بدم بارد.شخصية مثل عبان رمضان كان سيكون لها وقع تاريخي وشأن كبير فيما تبقى من عمر الثورة (1957-1962) وفي الجزائر المستقلة لو قدّر له أن يعيش، إلاأنالأقدار شاءت أن ترفع راية الاستقلال في غياب هذا المناضل، رحمة الله عليه وعلى جميع شهداءنا الأبرار.