سامح عزار, كامل إبراهيم منصور, ليندا خلاف

كلية سليمان العليان لإدارة الأعمال -الجامعة الأمريكية في بيروت-الجامعة الأمريكية في بيروت · لبنان

عبد المجيد عيساني, مبروك بركات

كلية الاداب واللغات-جامعة قاصدى مرباح ورقلة · الجزائر

حسن س. الهاشم, فنسنت أوبيورا إيمي

كلية الهندسة-جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن · السعودية

Over 50% of the original oil in place is left behind after primary and secondary recovery. Alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding process has been found to be capable of recovering some of the oil left behind after primary and secondary recovery. The polymer increases the macroscopic displacement efficiency. The alkali and surfacant lower the interfacial tension (IFT) which results in higher microscopic displacement efficiency. An alkaline-surfactant-polymer enhanced oil recovery (EOR) scheme was proposed for Saudi Arabian limestone reservoirs. The interaction between the reservoir brine, alkali, surfactant and polymer was investigated. The slug was formulated with a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate. B1083 anionic surfactant was chosen for the slug because it was thermally stable at the studied reservoir temperature of 90℃. A water-in-oil emulsion was formed in the B1083 surfactant/crude oil system. The presence of alkali and surfactant led to a decrease in the viscosity of the polymer (Flocon 4800C) solution. The addition of alkali to the surfactant solution did not result in any further decrease in the IFT of the surfactant/crude oil system. The adsorption of surfactant in the presence of alkali was lower than that without alkali. However, the percent reduction in adsorption decreases with increasing surfactant concentration. A new relationship for calculating the shear rate in porous media was developed.

Ebtisam Abdullah Al-Qasmiyah, , Randa Mohmoud Youssef

كلية الطب والعلوم الصحية-جامعة السلطان قابوس · عمان

Introduction: Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide. The disease affects one billion individual and the number is expected to increase to 1.56 million by the year 2025. In Sultanate of Oman, the crude prevalence of hypertension rose by 7% in less than 10 years from 33% in the year 2000 to 40% in the year 2008. Furthermore, 60% of patients with essential hypertension and 70% of diabetic hypertensive patients treated in primary health care facilities have uncontrolled blood pressure. Though uncontrolled blood pressure is of major concern to primary care physicians in Oman, its reasons have not been systematically investigated..Aim: The overall aim was to reveal the rates and determinants of treatment compliance among patients with essential hypertension attending primary healthcare centers in Muscat govemorate. It also aimed at demonstrating patient's knowledge and perceptions of the diseases as well as the perceived barriers for compliance to pharmacological treatment and life style modifications.Method: The study included 376 patients selected from seven healthcare centers in the six wilayats of Muscat governorate. The cross section study was used to describe patterns and impediments of compliance with pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. The case control approach analysis was used to identify the determinants of pharmacological compliance. Pharmacological compliance was determined by self-report of pill count and expressed as percentage of the dispensed pills. Data were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire and the review of health records. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the determinants of treatment compliance and results were judged at 5% level.Results: In this study 78.19% of the patients were fully compliant and 91.22% were pliant with at least 90% of the dispensed pills. Main stated barriers for compliance were forgetfulness, (51.22%), feeling normal blood pressure (13.41%) and fear of getting used to medications (13.41%). Variable proportions of patients were non-compliant with exercising (45.21%), weight regulation (37.50%), restriction of dietary fat (14.10%) and salt (8.24%). Moreover, 41.26% of the smokers were maintaining their habit. Only 28.99% of the patients had a controlled blood pressure in the two visits. Full pharmacological compliance was independently predicted by older age, regularity of follow up, worries about missing pills and knowledge of hypertension. At least 90% compliance was additionally predicted by timing with other medications. The constructed models predicted correctly 97.3% of full compliers and 99.1% of those who are compliant with at least 90% of the dispensed pills.Conclusion: This study revealed a high rate of pharmacological compliance. It also revealed that low proportion of patients has a controlled blood pressure and that compliance to pharmacological treatment did not predict blood pressure control. Further studies are required to investigate the adequacy of the prescribed treatment in achieving the targeted blood pressure levels.

Ouacil Saouli, Jaffre Jerome, Mossaab Lehocine Bencheikh

كلية العلوم الهندسية-جامعة الاخوة منتورى - قسنطينة 1 · الجزائر

منال يعقوب عبد الرحيم يعقوب, يحي عبد الرؤوف جبر

كلية الدراسات العليا -جامعة النجاح الوطنية · فلسطين

This study discusses the emerging of the Jahelieh culture in the Mekah Chapters of the Holy Qur'an . It consists of introduction and four chapters.The introduction contains the connotative and denotative meanings of the culture and the Jahelieh Age, the study subject. Also, the introduction contains the purpose of the study, the statement of importance, objectives , methodology and the obstacles that the researcher faced.Chapter one has two sections. The former discusses the Jaheliah life with its religious, political, intellectual, social and economical features. The cultural patterns of the people are also included. The later discusses the means and features of the cultural communication among Jaheliah people and how these means helped to spread of these patterns to the other nations.Chapter two specializes in emphasizing the natural silent utterances of the Jahelieh environment like mountains and date trees and their emerging in the Mekah Chapters.Chapter three clarifies the living utterances of the natural environment that deals with both human beings and animals exemplified by idols, immolations and pessimism for human beings , drink habits for animals and their emerging in the Mekah Chapters.The last chapter emphasizes the utterances of the shape , kinds and galaxy planets and there emerging in the Holy Qur'an by right and lift words and day and night.Finally, the conclusion summarizes the study results and some notes that could be nearly correct.

Dalia Abdelnabi , Sean Lee

كلية العلوم الانسانية والاجتماعية-الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة · مصر

How did the Inqaz regime survive a civil war, economic crises, mass upheavals, and political stagnation for thirty years? This question guides the study’s analysis of the survival of one of the MENA’s most resilient authoritarian regimes. Authoritarian durability is an adaptive risk-taking process of implementing politically costly plans to survive in power. This research investigates authoritarian survival through power-sharing reforms and coup-proofing tactics. The study highlights the role of the autocratic ruling coalition in maintaining regime durability and argues that intra-elite dynamics are key to understanding an autocrat’s exit without a clear successor. To this end, I investigate the changes in the ruling coalition's composition under the Inqaz regime across several periods punctuated by critical junctures and question the role of these changes in prolonging the regime's life. The guiding lens through which I tackle the regime’s resilience is the theory of coup-proofing. I complement the analysis with the political marketplace approach to better understand the last phases of the regime's cycle. The primary method of analysis is process tracing, connecting path-dependent events and finding their plausible causes, as adaptability-to-survive is a central focus. The study relies on secondary sources and over a dozen semi-structured interviews with Sudanese and non-Sudanese scholars and journalists. The study finds that the Inqaz regime survived in power through a series of elite reconfigurations and fell when its coup-proofing tactics backfired. In the end, the security elite triad came to the improbable yet tactical agreement that their survival hinges on the autocrat’s removal.

رشيد مجيد محمد الربيعي, ليث الدين صلاح حبيب الباجلاني

كلية القانون-جامعة بغداد · العراق

بودالي محمد, وزقير محمد

جامعة جيلالي ليابس – سيدي بلعباس · الجزائر

Chaham Alalouch, Nibras Sameer Mahmoud

كلية الهندسة-جامعة السلطان قابوس · عمان

In the context of rapid urbanization and population growth worldwide, many cities are striving to become sustainable and smart cities (SSC), and Oman is no exception. Oman Vision 2040 outlines the nation’s strategic roadmap for the next 20 years, focusing on sustainable development across social, environmental, and economic sectors. A smooth and successful transition to SSC requires a comprehensive understanding of key factors that ensure successful implementation. Beyond environmental and economic sustainability, social sustainability—particularly citizens’ participation—is crucial. Citizens’ participation involves engaging the public alongside government entities in urban design and management decision-making. Within the smart city paradigm, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) facilitates enhanced and more effective participation through Digital Participatory Planning (DPP). Despite the Omani government’s commitment to SSC, citizens’ participation in urban planning remains limited and nascent. To avoid failure in SSC implementation, effective DPP mechanisms must be integrated into the planning process. This research proposes a framework for integrating DPP into Oman’s current urban planning system and assesses the readiness and acceptance of local stakeholders—including government agencies and citizens—for DPP as a prerequisite for implementation. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, including literature review, pile sorting with local experts to tailor the framework to the Omani context, semi-structured interviews, questionnaires targeting both citizens and government officials, process mapping, and an experimental case study using the interactive 3D digital platform "Modelo." Results indicated the necessity to adapt the initial framework to suit local conditions before applying it in questionnaire design. Survey findings showed a substantial willingness among citizens to engage in urban planning digitally; however, trust between citizens and policymakers needs enhancement, alongside improved internet infrastructure to facilitate participation. Government officials reported adequate technological infrastructure but highlighted a shortage of specialized administrative personnel to manage DPP and a need to build trust in citizen input. Analysis of key documents and interviews revealed four tiers of urban planning in Oman: national, regional, structural, and detailed levels. With national and regional plans recently finalized and structural plans under development, DPP interventions are most viable at the detailed planning level. The study delineated the urban planning steps at this level to identify optimal timing and methods for DPP integration. The experimental case study, involving real citizens and a Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning project, confirmed the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed digital participation approach. In conclusion, this thesis provides the first comprehensive mapping of Oman’s urban planning process and introduces a tailored framework for integrating Digital Public Participation to support the nation’s transition towards sustainable smart cities as envisioned in Oman Vision 2040. Future work should focus on wider-scale implementation and evaluation of this framework in collaboration with local authorities.