khedidja Iouknane, Zahir Sidane

كلية الآداب واللغات-جامعة عبد الرحمان ميرة - بجاية · الجزائر

Le premier chapitre sera réserver à l’étude des personnages chez Hamon, en effet cette théorie nous aide à mieux comprendre le personnage et le classer en fonction de sa catégorie pour enfin les saisir en interaction avec l’espace, donc quatre personnage choisit dans l’oeuvre de Kamel Daoud à savoir : Zabor, hadjbrahim, Hadjer et Djamela en raison de leur actions et conditions de vie qui se rattache à la quête de lutte contre l’oubli.Quant au deuxième chapitre, sera consacrer à l’étude sémantique des différents espaces en fonction des personnages et pour cela nous allons choisir trois signes spatiaux : le village d’Aboukir, la maison du bat et la maison du haut.

Taouflk KSlksl, أسماء خان أحمداني

كلية العلوم-جامعة الإمارات العربية المتحدة · الامارات

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations have been increasing for many decades. The impact of such greenhouse gas has been reported to affect ecosystems at all levels. Elevated atmospheric CO 2 can affect the growth of plants and their response to water intake. But, different plants show different degrees of response depending on whether they have C 3 or C 4 photosynthetic pathway. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of CO 2 enrichment on the growth and microbial activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) and also its effect on the water use efficiency (WUE) of these plants. Both plant species were exposed to ambient CO 2 (ACO 2 ; ~500 ppm), enriched CO 2 (ECO 2 ; ~ 1000 ppm) under regular watering regime or under water stress. Soil samples were tested for microbial activity using Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis technique, shoot and root lengths were measured periodically, WUE was calculated using fresh and dry weight of the plants, and numbers of leaves were counted. Microbial activity under elevated CO 2 was 41 % higher in Rhodes grass at water stress, than in ambient CO2 Also, by inducing water stress on Rhodes grass, the WUE increased significantly by 4.6 times i.e. 21.5% than its control counter parts. Moreover, WUE of alfalfa in the treatment (elevated CO 2 + water stressed) group was 25.7% (3.8 times) greater than alfalfa grown at control (ambient CO 2 + normal water). Fresh weight biomass of Rhodes grass under treatment group showed no significant difference compared to the control group, whereas the biomass of alfalfa was significantly higher in both fresh (4%) and dry matter (11 .3%) under treatment group, compared to the control group. Height of alfalfa grown under CO 2 enrichment was 30% lesser at water stress, than compared to the ones grown at normal water conditions. Shoot/root ratio of Rhodes grass grown under elevated CO 2 was 28.8% lower than the ones grown at ambient CO 2 concentrations, whereas shoot/root ratio of alfalfa grown under CO 2 enrichment was 22.9% higher than the ones grown at ambient CO 2 concentrations. Number of leaves remained the same for both Rhodes grass and alfalfa under every treatment.

Noura Chitti, Hamaz Abdelghani

كلية العلوم-جامعة مولود معمري - تيزي وزو · الجزائر

عبدالله إبراهيم محمد على عمرية , مفيد الظاهر

كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة النجاح الوطنية · فلسطين

The study aims at identifying the investors' perception of the impact of taxation on the agricultural sector as well as on the organization of agriculture through studying the reality of the Palestinian agricultural sector and the statement of the applied taxes types in Palestine, in addition to discussing the items of the taxation law on the income and VAT and its instructions which have been applied between1994-2013.It is well known that the taxation on the income which had been applied in Palestine exempted the income of the ordinary person of the agricultural investors. However, this has been valid until issuing the tax law number (8) in 2011, which subjected the agricultural income of the ordinary person to taxation; just like any other types of income.With regard to VAT, the agricultural sector in its both halves: plants and animals sections subjected, by the law, to the VAT as the rest of other economic sectors except for some kinds of fruits and vegetables which subjected to zero% taxation. In 2008, the Palestinian council decided to subject the animal sector to the VAT as zero% in order to encourage farmers and attract investors to this sector. However, in 2011 this law has been cancelled and the livestock sector was re-subjected to VAT rates just like the other economic sectors.In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the literatures relevant to the subject of research were reviewed by the researcher, and that has helped in developing the theoretical framework as well as collecting and analyzing the statistics and percentages relevant to the study, and developing a questionnaire and ensure its sincerity and reliability coefficient and distributing it to a random sample size of (398) respondents including farmers and agricultural investors,who constitute the study population, and have been processed using the statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS).The study came out with a set of results at the level of the sections/parts and variables of the study. It was found from the paragraphs/parts/sections of the questionnaire that the percentage of the investors' perception of the impact of taxation on investment in the Palestinian agricultural sector is (66.2%), which is a medium percentage.At the level of the variables of the study, the following results have been demonstrated:First: Results of the impact of the independent variables on the investors' perception measuring variable in the Palestinian agricultural sector:There were statistically significant differences at the level of significance (a = 0.05) in the investment of the Palestinian agricultural sector due to the nature of the activity, and capital variable; for the more capital the investor has, the more his/her perception is in the agricultural sector.Second: Results of the impact of taxation on investment in the agricultural sector:The percentage of the investors' perception of the impact of taxation on investment on the agricultural sector, which attributed to (the capital and the nature of agricultural activity) is medium, according to the variable value-added tax (62.75), and a variable income tax (62.1) as well as for variable tariffs (65.6).The main recommendations for the researcher:1.The necessity to re-subduing the livestock sector to zero% tax, in order to encourage investors and venture capitalists to involve in this sector and to reorganize the agricultural profession again.This will lead to employment of labor in this sector and dispensing work inside Israeli settlements and the Green line.2.The need to increase the share of the agricultural sector from the Palestinian budget, and to provide adequate support to the Ministry of Agriculture in order to do their duties efficiently, especially the part of instructing and spreading awareness using the best agricultural methods to increase the efficiency and productivity, which will ultimately lead to developing investment and achieving self- reliance and sufficiency.3.the need to support the agricultural sector in Palestine, through the creation of a fund to support farmers and investors in this sector in the form of a fairly-studied percentage of the bills for their purchases, to be able to connect investors in this sector.as well as attracting new investors to invest in this sector.

Taibi Farida , Abbaci sylia, Kahina Nemouchi

كلية الطب-جامعة عبد الرحمان ميرة - بجاية · الجزائر

L’anesthésie pour césarienne est une anesthésie à risque ; Le choix de la technique d’anesthésie dépend du degré de l’urgence, de l’état de la mère et de fœtus. L’anesthésie pour césarienne est réalisée la plupart du temps avec une anesthésie locorégionale, parfois même si cette césarienne a un caractère urgent. En cas d’anesthésie générale, il faut tenir compte du risque d’intubation difficile et du risque de syndrome de mendelson.

Ahmed Alhatti, Bashar El Khasawneh, Fahad Al Maskari , Jamal Ahmad, Kamran Khan

جامعة خليفة · الامارات

Hassan Sid Ahmed Abu Zeid, James Thubo Ayul Pakwan

كلية الزراعة-جامعة الخرطوم · السودان

This study aimed at assessing the efficiency of the marketing system of sorghum grains in Gadarif auction market. Different analytical methods including Socio - economic characteristics, structure - conduct - performance approach were used to examine market structure and organization and participants conduct and their effect on market efficiency. Temporal and spatial price methods were also applied to examine effect of seasonality and to test for interregional integration among the selected four main sorghum markets in the Country. The study used primary data collected from field survey in the agricultural season 2003/2004 and secondary data from the related institutions. The populations of 174 wholesalers, retailers and 101 household consumers operating in the market were interviewed for necessary data. The main findings of the study were:- =607; Socio-economic characteristics and Structure – Conduct -Performance approach: 1. Low level of education and training, lack of experience and expectation among the market participants were of negative impact on market performance; while wealth accumulation over time and proximity of market dealers were among the leading elements with positive impact on market performance. 2. The low market share of the top four market actors during the agriculture season 2003/2004 as indicated by the equation of Concentration Ratio (CR4=26.8%) and the share of the lowest ten actors (CR10=0.9 %) indicated that, none of the market actors whether buyers, sellers had influence on setting the prices and flow of product in the market This situation was confirmed by other indicators such as existence of competition, freedom of entry into the market , presence of numerous buyers, sellers and other market participants, product differentiation through varieties, open auction market system and access to information. 3. Gadarif auction crop market had shown progress and development during the period of study in terms of infrastructure, regulations, human development, production varieties, and market information dissemination and in financing developmental and services projects. =607; Temporal price analysis 1. Price instability, unstable and unpredictable seasonal pattern were a common phenomena among the selected four markets (Gadarif, Khartoum, El obied and Damazine markets) as indicated by the coefficient of variation results. Inflation, seasonality, natural and man-made disaster were the main reasons. 2. Prices of the crop tend to decrease in the months of harvest and start to rise gradually until it reaches the peak at the end of harvest where output production are assessed and stored. This was revealed by the results of coefficient of variation and fluctuation percentages. 3. The Grand seasonal indices (GSI) have shown a general trend in seasonal prices but were unstable, erratic and unpredictable. This situation was reflected by the standard deviation results. 4. The Grand seasonal indices (GSI) data for El Obeid and Khartoum were found close to each other. The explanation is that, the two markets are located in consumption-deficit areas while (GSI) for Gadarif and Damazine were also found to be close to each other because both markets are located in productive - surplus areas. =607; Spatial price analysis 1. All the series of the selected markets contained a unit root (the absolute values of the level are below the absolute critical values at (5%)) and integrated in the same order. 2. Gadarif, Damazine and Khartoum markets were found co-integrated. This means the three markets operate as one unit in which changes in prices in one market are reflected in the other markets immediately. Flow of information among the market participants and improvement in transportation system are the main reasons for this situation. 3. El Obied market was found co-integrated with Gadarif and not with Khartoum and Damazine. The main reasons were: good tarmac road and the short distance. Based on the above findings, Gadarif crop market was found relatively functioning efficiently because it has managed to achieve most of its objectives for which it has been established. Also, it was found co-integrated with other selected sorghum grains markets in the country. As such, its experience should be developed and expanded to be a model that can be emulated by other states in the country trading in similar commodity. For ensuring efficiency of the marketing system in the Gadarif area, the following recommendations are essential: i- Maintenance, development and modernization of the current marketing system by the relevant institutions through: - Provision of timely and accurate information on prices, output flow and market dealers through the different media. - Revision of current market taxes and other charges levied on the market operators. - Strengthening the communication network for coordinating purposes within the main market and sub-markets and outside. - Availing other services in the market such as weighing tools and equipment, water, electricity for the market dealers. ii- Reducing some undesirable middlemen and brokers operations in the markets with the aim of reducing operation costs. iii- Strengthening the current trade unions, reorganizing them and directing them more to promote the interest of their members. iv- Encouraging the strategic grain storage policy for food security, but with restrictions to the various states, charity organizations and other institutions granted approvals not to direct the grain to the markets. v- Conducting more research in different components of the marketing system such as transport, financing, policies, laws and regulations and market structure and dealer’s conducts with support from the relevant institutions.

Azzam Mourad, Hala Shamseddine

مدرسة الآداب والعلوم-الجامعة اللبنانية الأميركية · لبنان

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neuro-developmental syndrome resulting from alterations in the embryological brain pre-birth. This disorder distinguishes its patients by special socially restricted and repetitive behavior, in addition to specific behavioral traits. Hence, this would possibly deteriorate their social behavior among other individuals, as well as their overall interaction within their community. Moreover, medical research has proved that ASD also affects the facial characteristics of its patients, making the syndrome recognizable from distinctive signs within an individual’s face. Given that as a motivation behind our work, we propose a novel privacy-preserving Federated Learning scheme to predict ASD in a certain individual based on their behavioral and facial features, embedding a merging process of both data features through facial feature extraction, while respecting patient data privacy. After training behavioral and facial image data on Federated Machine Learning models, promising results are achieved, with 70% accuracy for prediction of ASD according to behavioral traits in a federated learning private environment, and a 62% accuracy is reached for prediction of ASD given an image of the patient’s face. Then, we test the behavior of regular as well as federated learning on our merged data, behavioral and facial, where a 65% accuracy is achieved with regular logistic regression model and 63% accuracy with federated learning model.

رحال سلاف, زحاف الطاهر

كلية العلوم الاقتصادية والتجارية وعلوم التسيير-جامعة محمد خيضر - بسكرة · الجزائر

حسين رياض محمود المشهداني , محمد رضا عنون

كلية العلوم-جامعة القادسية · العراق