Saad Ali Aiban, waddah Akilli

كلية الهندسة-جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن · السعودية

In this thesis, the effects of cementation on a selected local dune sand have been studied under static loading. Stress-strain, strength and general characteristics of artificially cemented sands, were determined under different loading conditions, different cure periods, different cure types and different sample's density. The two cementing agents used were portland cement and calcium carbonate. Artificially cemented sands were prepared in the laboratory where control over different parameters can be achieved. Unsaturated undrained static triaxial as well as drained static triaxial tests were performed on the artificially cemented sand specimens. Stress-strain and p-q diagrams were drawn and strength parameters (cohesion and angle of internal friction) were determined for all test samples. The results show that the addition of a cementing agent to a wind-blown sand with uniform size distribution produces material with two components of strength - that due to the cementing agent itself and that due to the frictional component of the sand. Cemented sands distinguish themselves by having a well defined cementation/cohesion intercept while the angle of friction of cemented sand is similar to that of uncemented sand. The results also show that drying process is essential in cementation development espcially when calcium carbonate is used as an agent. The lower the moisture content at testing, the higher the peak strength and initial tangent modulus values. Peak strength as well as initial tangent modulus values, increase with increasing cure period, confining pressure, cement content and density. Residual strength values seem to be independent of all parameters except confinement and .density

A. Djerrada, Amirouche Ait Amraoui , Mecipsa Rachem

كلية التكنولوجيا-جامعة عبد الرحمان ميرة - بجاية · الجزائر

Hayet Saggou , Safa Messad

كلية علوم الطبيعة والحياة-جامعة قاصدى مرباح ورقلة · الجزائر

L’objectif de notre travail est de caractériser les champignons présents dans le « Palm compost » et le compost « Vermistar » par leur isolement sur un milieu de culture PDA. Il vise également à étudier les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des composts et à tester le potentiel antifongique de leurs extraits aqueux contre des champignons pathogènes. La méthodologie adoptée repose sur l'isolement des espèces fongiques des deux composts étudiés, en utilisant des échantillons de blé tendre et de tomate. Cela a été suivi d'une série de tests d'inhibition utilisant les extraits aqueux des composts. Le « Palm compost » présente un pH légèrement alcalin (7,60), une faible humidité (8,7 %) et une salinité élevée (15,75 dS/m). Les composts étudiés montrent des caractéristiques physico-chimiques contrastées. Le compost « Vermistar » est plus alcalin (pH = 9,01), plus humide (25,9 %) et moins salin (EC = 4,78 dS/m). Trois genres ont été identifiés : Alternaria, Aspergillus et Penicillium. Les résultats ont révélé la présence de champignons pathogènes, avec une inhibition marquée de Rhizoctonia sp à 99,69 % et un faible effet sur Aspergillus terreus à 16,96 %, Aspergillus niger à 33,52 %, et Chaetomium sp à 16,7 %. Ces résultats suggèrent que certains composts peuvent jouer un rôle dans la lutte contre les champignons pathogènes. (The objective of our work is to characterize the fungi present in palm compost and vermistar compost by isolating them on a PDA culture medium. It also aims to study the physicochemical characteristics of the composts and to test the antifungal potential of their aqueous extracts against pathogenic fungi. The adopted methodology is based on isolating fungal species from the two studied composts, using samples from soft wheat and tomato. This was followed by a series of inhibition tests using the aqueous extracts of the composts. The palm compost has a slightly alkaline pH (7.60), low moisture content (8.7%), and high salinity (15.75 dS/m). The studied composts show contrasting physicochemical characteristics. The vermistar compost is more alkaline (pH = 9.01), more humid (25.9%), and less saline (EC = 4.78 dS/m). Three genera were identified: Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. The results revealed the presence of pathogenic fungi, with a marked inhibition of Rhizoctonia sp. at 99.69% and a weak effect on Aspergillus terreus at 16.96%, Aspergillus niger at 33.52%, and Chaetomium sp. at 16.7%. These results suggest that certain composts may play a role in the control of pathogenic fungi).

بن لكحل محمد أمين, إيمان كلاش, سلاف حاوش

كلية العلوم الاقتصادية والتجارية وعلوم التسيير-جامعة الدكتور يحيى فارس بالمدية · الجزائر

عرفت التجارة عبر العصور تطورات كثيرة ومختلفة، وإن أهم ما يميزها في عصرنا هو هذا الدورالكبير لتكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات، والسعي للاستفادة من مزاياها لممارسة ما يعرف بالتجارةالإلكترونية التي ظهرت كأسلوب جديد لعرض السلع والخدمات وعقد الصفقات إلكترونينا بين مختلفدول العالم.ورغم التوجهات المتزايدة نحوها أننا إلا نجد غالبية الدول العربية لم لها تصل للمستوى المطلوب فيتطبيقها حيث لا يزال اعتماد هذه التجارة في مراحله الأولى رغم الإجراءات العديدة في جميع الميادينمن أجل تدعيم استخدام تكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات بغية الوصول لركب قطار النمو واللحاقبالدول السارية إلى التقدم التكنولوجي وتبني التجارة الإلكترونية وهذا يتطلب مجموعة من المقوماتوإحداث تغيرات جذرية في مختلف االات لإزالة العقبات المعرقلة لانطلاق هذه التجارة في البلدانالعربية.وتعتبر من كل الجزائر، مصر والمغرب عينة لما يحدث من تحولات وتطورات في مجال التقنيةالمعلوماتية، حيث نجد أن تجربتهم هي أيضا مازالت تحقق النهضة والانطلاقة المرجوة فلا وجود لتجارةالكترونية دون استراتيجيات وسياسات وطنية تغطي االات القانونية والمؤسساتية والتقنية والتعليمي .ة

امل كريم عكاب ال عمر , عبدالرازق خيون خضير المحميد

كلية الآداب -جامعة ذي قار-جامعة ذي قار · العراق

Abdeslam El Hakkouni, Kamilia El Hobz

كلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية-جامعة محمد الخامس بالرباط · المغرب

The study of patterns of message construction, or of language usage simpliciter, has provided a significant means of ingress to some of the most vital aspects of social interaction. This assumption has been the primary motive behind our interest in, and investigation of, the empirically observable, and pervasive speech phenomenon of commitment/responsibility avoidance strategies, specifically among native speakers of Moroccan Arabic. In most societies, respecting one's commitments and upholding one’s responsibilities are regarded as objective measures of moral integrity. Failing in both respects entails serious consequences to be borne on a person's public self-image. Consequently, language users would find it on occasions necessary to avoid committing themselves to the promises and assertions they make, just as they would attempt to avoid their responsibility for blameworthy actions. Politeness considerations and face preservation motives seem to be the overarching purposes for making commitment/responsibility avoidance utterances. The present research work is, therefore, anchored in, and relevant to, two of the major theoretical frameworks in linguistic pragmatics, namely, speech-act and politeness theories. This thesis aims to determine whether native speakers of MA have a tendency to make commitment/responsibility avoidance utterances, or , otherwise, perform self-committing and responsibility-accepting speech-acts, in response to speech situations involving face-threat. It also aims at identifying the realization patterns or output strategies used for performing the language acts under study. Collection of the relevant data is carried out using quantitative instrumentation. The dual-choice questionnaire and the DCT used as data collection methods consist of a varied set of situational prompts, which involve speech acts with different rankings of imposition. Based on the research findings, we have been able to make valid inferences concerning the extent to which the informants' choices are indicative of their tendency to avoid commitment/responsibility. This tendency has been confirmed by the results yielded for most of the situational prompts on the questionnaire, and a clear correlation between the gender, level of education, and age variables is observed as female, illiterate, and older respondents tend to be more avoiding of commitment/responsibility than the remaining groups. Taking responses to Situation (4) (i.e. an information request situation) as an example, we observe that 76% of males against 81% of females have opted for the commitment avoidance utterance choice provided in option (A). Illiterate respondents have shown a similar pattern of responses: 100% of these respondents against 71% of respondents with a university level of education have opted for commitment avoidance response A. Likewise, 100% of respondents aged above 65 against 70% of respondents aged [15-25] have chosen option A in responding to Situation 4. Of note also is that the tendency to avoid commitment/responsibility is relatively low where the degree of imposition on negative face is assessed as being high. Responses to Situation (3) (i.e. the car-borrowing request situation) lend evidence to this finding as only 22% of male respondents against 30% of females have chosen to avoid commitment. We have equally been able to identify a total of 19 pragmatic moves/strategies, and 4 syntactic processes used for making commitment/responsibility avoidance utterances. The implications of the study have a bearing on different fields of interest, including SLA research, and speech act and politeness theories.

سامر احمد حسن ألعتبي, عايد حسين عبد الامير

كلية التربية الرياضية-جامعة بابل · العراق

Fatiha Bedjou , Hayet Amrane, Mustafa Babahani

كلية العلوم الطبيعية والحياتية-جامعة عبد الرحمان ميرة - بجاية · الجزائر

Le but de notre étude est la recherche de l'effet anti hémolytique de certains extraitsvégétaux. Ceux qui ont été testés sont les huiles essentielles d’Origanum vulgare, Thymuszygis, Lavandula stoechas et Mentha spicata et l'extrait éthanolique des pépins depamplemousse. L’activité anti hémolytique a été évaluée sur les globules rouges en présencede peroxyde d’hydrogène (H2O2), agent oxydant qui perturbe la structure membranaire. Nosrésultats montrent l’absence d’un effet anti hémolytique dans les HE de l’Origanum vulgare,Thymus zygis et Lavandula stoechas et la présence de cette activité à des concentrationsfaibles pour l’huile essentielle de Mentha spicata et l’extrait éthanolique des pépins depamplemousse. Enfin, l’effet des extraits végétaux vis-à-vis des globules rouges dépend de leurs compositions.

محمد عثمان, منذر دويكات, نهال جواد البطش

كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة النجاح الوطنية · فلسطين

Delays in the construction industry are a global phenomenon and the construction industry in Palestine is no exception. The construction sector is one of the most important economic sectors in Palestine; this research discusses the importance of studying the construction sector through the identification of gaps between theory and practice associated with delays in the completion of construction projects. The importance of this research comes from what appeared in the past few years, the exposure of most construction projects in the West Bank to delay or to increase in the cost or both, so the continuation of this phenomenon affects the progress of the construction industry, as it may expose some relevant institutions to collapse. The main purpose of this study is to identify the most important factors that delay the completion of projects and their effect, by taking a representative sample from each of the engineering offices, the owners, and the contractors, then analyze to obtain the results help to achieve the goal of this research. This study done during the period (2012-2014). The objectives of this research achieved through viewing many of the research and references for previous studies, which included study delay factors in many countries , and through making set of interviews with some contract parties to identify the delays causes, Also, a questionnaire was designed and distributed to each of the contracting companies, consulting engineering offices, and owners’ institutions in the main three cities in the West Bank includes: (Hebron in south, Ramallah in medium and Nablus in north) to assess importance degree of these causes. Upon the results of this research show that referral of bids to the lowest price, incorrect and inappropriate bid pricing, lack of sufficient cash for project implementation, contractor failure to regulate the cash flow of the project, and Irregular cash flow for the project on owner's side are the main causes for projects delay. It also concluded many implications of the delay, including: an increase in cost, the large number of delayed projects affect the community, the weakness of productivity, lack of revenues, conflicts, trial, and litigation between the parties of the contract. Based on the results of the study, the researcher developed some of the proposed solutions that help avoid or minimize the causes of delay, such as : find suitable mechanism for the process of evaluating and awarding tenders without resorting always a lower price, should be available to the contractor sufficient experience in the bidding pricing , adequate financial resources of the contractor to cover project expenses, must provide financial payments by the owner to the contractor on time without delays cause obstacles in the workflow, work of the tender documents by the consultant properly to avoid variation order and problems caused due to errors and provide project manager with enough experience to manage the project .Based on the results of this research, a framework has been developed to be an effective tool to help all parties to avoid causes of delay. Finally, recommendations have been developed for each of the contracting parties (owner, consultant, contractor), Engineers Association and Palestinian Contractors Union were presented in this research in order minimize and avoid the delays causes and get projects completed within the planned schedule.

Sabrina Mahroug , Asma Zoubiri , Marwa Zerrouak

كلية العلوم-جامعة محمد بوضياف - المسيلة · الجزائر

La présente étude a été menée au niveau de Oued El k'sob dans la wilaya de M'sila dans le but d'étudier les oiseauxripisylve .Deux stations ont été retenues pour l'étude (Station ced Roumi et OuledBedira) car les deux papiers utilisés pour étudier les oiseaux sont IPA et EFP, la méthode d'échantillonnage à fréquence graduelle et la méthode de l'indice d'abondance ponctuelle.La période d'étude s'étend de mars à mai 2023, où nous avons observé 33 espèces d'oiseaux réparties sur 25 familles et 11 ordres.L'espèce la plus abondante et la plus répandue est le Moineau domestique.Par conséquent, la disponibilité des ressources alimentaires et les conditions de vie sont les facteurs les plus importants qui contrôlent la distribution de ces oiseaux.