Mkhaimar Abusada, Reem Motlaq Wishah-Othman

كلية الاقتصاد والعلوم الإدارية-جامعة الازهر - غزة · فلسطين

Many are the studies on colonial settlement, peace, conflicts, and conflict transformation, but rare are the comparative studies in these areas. This comparative study sheds light on two areas: peace and colonial settlement in the Occupied Palestinian Territories and Northern Ireland, on the one hand, and the impact of peace on colonial settlement in the two compared areas, on the other. In this regard, this study has a distinguishing mark, especially as the Arabic studies are concerned, since many are the researches and books deal with the impact of colonial settlement on peace but not the impact of peace on colonial settlement. Hence, it is essential to clarify the difference between settlement and colonial settlement. Settlement is a humanitarian right that enables human beings to move from a place to another place and settle in, taking it as a homeland, without destroying the lives and properties. Colonial settlement usurps the natives their own land, kill them and expel them whether inside or outside the usurped homeland. This is the typical tragedy happened with Irish in the early 12th century and the same tragedy was repeated with the Palestinian people in the 20th century. Axiomatically, facts on the ground tell that the Oslo agreements have strengthened the colonial Israeli settlement, which leads to say that it is an anti-Palestinian peace and pro-Israeli peace. But, the Good Friday Agreement has created relatively some quietness and stability between the natives and the settlers in Northern Ireland, whose Catholic-Protestant community is going through conflict transformation process to achieve social justice for all, trying to cure form the history of bloody conflict.It goes without saying that the peace process in the OPT is really still born, but the peace in Northern Ireland has many opportunities to survive and to enable the Irish Catholic demography reunite again in one homeland: the Isle of Ireland. The right of referendum is guaranteed for the people of Northern Ireland to unite in the future with the South or to stay with the United Kingdom, but the Palestinian people have been deprived from the right of referendum by their Palestinian leadership before and after the signing of the Oslo agreements, which means the alienation of the Palestinian people from the participation in the decision-making process. This alienation means the disrespect of the Palestinian people by their Palestinian leadership, who still monopolizes the decision-making. Ultimately, this has empowered the position of the different Israeli occupation governments in negotiations to continue the expansion of Settlement. When all is said about the Oslo agreements, a major question arises: is there a possibility that the Palestinian leadership has realized, when signing these agreements, their catastrophic ends against the Palestinian people and constants? Why has not this leadership envisaged that these agreements have equalized the right to resist occupation with terrorism? Has this leadership been able to recognize that these agreements have galvanized the expansion of Settlement on the Palestinian land, and created the discriminatory Wall that separates between Palestinian roads, farms, tracks, and houses, dividing all of these components into halves? Has time come to this leadership to admit that these agreements humiliate the dignity of the Palestinian people?A thorough comparison between the profit and the loss of the Oslo agreements results, will show that the Palestinian people is the loser. Hence, the logo "Settlement for Peace" seems to be more realistic than the "Land for Peace" slogan. The "Settlement for Peace" is an achievement that the Oslo agreements have attained for the state of occupation, Israel, who was granted peace and Settlement together, while the Palestinian people have been deprived from their own original and legitimate right of the land and peace as a result of Settlement.

Chems Eddine Chitour, El Hachemi Selmi

المدرسة الوطنية المتعددة التقنيات - الجزائر · الجزائر

Le travail élaboré concerne la préparation de catalyseurs à base de bentonite et de kieselguhr activés à l'acide chlorhydrique et imprégnés aux sels précurseurs de nickel, fer et chrome. La caractérisation physico-chimique a été effectuée. Des tests de cracking catalytiques des molécules sondes ont été menés, les meilleurs catalyseurs ont été retenus pour le cracking du gas-oil et du résidu HRS162.

رباب شلالي, رضا شلالي, مريم كيحل

كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية-جامعة زيان عاشور - الجلفة · الجزائر

لقد قام المشرع الجزائري بإدراج نوع جديد من الشركات التجارية ضمن القانون التجاري، وذلك بموجب القانون رقم 22/09 الصادر في 5 مايو 2022، تحت اسم "شركة المساهمة البسيطة". ووفقاً لأحكام هذا القانون، فإن هذا النوع من الشركات مخصص حصرياً للمؤسسات الناشئة. يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة النظام القانوني لتأسيس شركة المساهمة البسيطة، من خلال توضيح غاية المشرع من استحداث هذا النوع الجديد ضمن الشركات التجارية، وإبراز مزايا وخصائص هذه الشركة وشروط تأسيسها. كما يتناول البحث دراسة مقارنة مع التشريع الفرنسي، باعتبار أن أحكام القانون الجزائري مستمدة منه، وأيضا مع النظام السعودي.توصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج، أهمها تحديد مكانة شركة المساهمة البسيطة ضمن منظومة الشركات التجارية، وبيان ما يميزها عن باقي أنواع الشركات. كما ساهم البحث في توضيح الفئة المستهدفة بهذا الشكل الجديد من الشركات التجارية، والشروط القانونية المطلوبة لتأسيسها، وادارتها وأخيرا الى انقضائها وما يترتب على ذلك من اثار.A new type of commercial companies in the commercial law has been included, according to Law n° 22-09 of May 5, 2022. It is called the "Simple Joint-Stock Company". According to the provisions of this law, this type of company is exclusively reserved for start-ups. This research aims to study the legal system for the establishment of the simple shareholding company, by clarifying the legislator's purpose in creating this new type of commercial company, and highlighting the advantages and characteristics of this company and the conditions for its establishment. The research also deals with a comparative study with French legislation, as the provisions of Algerian law are derived from it, as well as with the Saudi system.The study reached several results, the most important of which is the identification of the status of the simple shareholding company within the system of commercial companies, and what distinguishes it from other types of companies. The research also contributed to clarifying the target group of this new form of commercial companies, the legal conditions required for its establishment, its management and finally its termination and the consequences thereof.

Houria Achir, Omar Rahmoun

كلية الآداب واللغات-جامعة أبو بكر بلقايد - تلمسان · الجزائر

This study aims to examine Thomas Edward Lawrence’s Seven Pillars of Wisdom as amomentous instance of the twentieth century English travellers, with an Orientalistviewpoint .Linking the historical approach with an analytical one, it hints the Orientalinfluence on Lawrence’s piece of writing during the Arab Revolt in the First WorldWar by shedding light on myriad features of the Orient that has been mentioned inLawrence‘s account. This research opens by addressing one of the marked Postcolonialissues, namely Orientalism, and its main pioneer Edward Said and hiscontributions, along with an emphasis on the most prominent concepts that shapeLawrence’s Seven Pillars of Wisdom, which are important to the next chapter thatanalyses the oriental aspects and the dramatic events that are described in Lawrence’swork. This dissertation validates that Lawrence‘s Orientalism was a continuation ofthe western accumulations of decades of negative prejudices.

حشاني فتح لله, داود جفافلة

كلية العلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية-جامعة محمد خيضر - بسكرة · الجزائر

إلهام يحياوي, سارة فرابصي

كلية العلوم الاقتصادية والتجارية وعلوم التسيير-جامعة باتنة 1 - الحاج لخضر · الجزائر

أحمد أمين بوضياف, النواري حليتيم

كلية العلوم الانسانية والاجتماعية-جامعة محمد بوضياف - المسيلة · الجزائر

M. Saïghi, نزهة بلعربي

كلية الفيزياء-جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا هواري بومدين - الجزائر · الجزائر

L'appartenance de notre pays à la catégorie climatique aride et semi-aride, fait qu'une gestion efficiente des ressources en eau soit primordiale pour le maintient des populations dans ces région. Dans le cadre de notre recherche, nous présentons une étude de modélisation du taux d'évaporation à partir d'une surface d'eau libre avec application aux barrages dans les régions humides, semi-arides et arides d'Algérie. En raison des nombreux modèles qui existent pour le calcul de l'évaporation, le choix de la méthode la plus appropriée pour une situation donnée est difficile. Le choix d'une méthode dépend généralement de la disponibilité des données et de la capacité de la méthode d'estimer l'importance et la variation des pertes évaporatoires. Malheureusement, pour une situation donnée, aucune directive définie n'a été donnée pour choisir la méthode à employer. Nous avons utilisé pour notre calcul, une méthode itérative qui consiste, dans un premier temps, à calculer la température à la surface par la méthode de dichotomie. Ensuite, nous calculons le taux d'évaporation selon les méthodes choisies. Nos calculs utilisent les données météorologiques (température, humidité relative, rayonnement net . . .) des différentes régions étudiées. Notre calcul du taux d'évaporation est comparé à ceux obtenus par différents modèles usuellement utilisés : Bilan énergétique, Stefan, Penman, Monin Obukhov. Les modèles différent essentiellement par le calcul des coefficients d'échanges de quantité de mouvement, de chaleur sensible et de masse qui dépendent du régime d'écoulement au dessus de la surface d'eau ainsi que l'effet de la stabilité de l'atmosphère sur les profils de vitesse. La sensibilité de la vitesse du vent et de l'humidité relative sur l'évaporation a été également étudiée. Au-delà de la comparaison des taux d'évaporation calculés par les différentes méthodes, une attention particulière est portée sur l'évaporation annuelle dans les trois régions étudiées; le constat est effarant; en effet, l'évaporation à partir d'un barrage est équivalente à la consommation d'une ville de presque 300 milles habitants! Imaginons l'évaporation d'une cinquantaine de barrages! Enfin, une réflexion sur les différentes méthodes qu'on pourrait utiliser pour réduire le taux d'évaporation a été développée.

Fatima Al-Rayes , Kostas Giannopoulos

كلية إدارة الأعمال والقانون-الجامعة البريطانية في دبي · الامارات

Asset Pricing Theory addresses the relationship of security return with security risk which is caused by the unknown possibility of returns. Determining the correct and accurate expected returns has been the major concern surrounding Asset Pricing Theory.For almost half a century, the Capital Asset Pricing Model, Sharpe (1964), Linter (1965) and Mossin (1966), has been the corner stone for determining the asset risk/return relationship. It relies on beta known as the systematic risk in determining returns. However in the 1980’s, criticism arose, which caused empirical researchers and financial practitioners to move away from the so known model. Miller (1999) and many professionals came to agree that the CAPM is no longer a sufficient model to explain the cross section of average returns. A recent alternative was introduced by the work of Fama and French (1993) who brought around two additional risk proxies not shown in the CAPM, one is the small size factor, indicating that smaller firms on average earned more than bigger firms and second book to market equity, demonstrating that firms with higher book to market ratios earn more than firms with lower book to market ratios. The two factors experienced abnormal returns that were not captured by CAPM’s beta.Looking briefly at some of the literature of Fama and French, their (1992) paper proved that security risk is associated with firm size as well as book to market equity. In 1993, they examined a time series approach to their work that was not apparent in their earlier paper. In 1995, their work confirms that book to market equity and size proxy for the sensitivity of the risk factor that explains stocks returns, and secondly that size and book to market equity are explained by profitability and the earnings behavior. In 1996, Fama and French prove that many of CAPM’s anomalies disappear when using their multi index model. Fama and French (1998) discovered that value and small cap stocks earn higher returns for the majority countries under their examination.In this study the Fama and French (1993) model is tested in Kuwait’s market from years 2000-2007. There are two main objectives, first to extend the Fama and French model internationally, to Kuwait, to see whether or not the additional factors of book to market equity and size proxy for risk that help explain stocks returns. Secondly, this study addresses Fama and French’s main controversies. It aims to address the vast majority of practitioners that believe beta alone is sufficed in explaining security returns. In addition, aims from the need to expand Asset Pricing Theory work internationally as most of their work is conducted in the U.S. Moreover, there is an important need to provide investors a clearer understanding of asset pricing anomalies that can exist. The anomalies discovered by Fama and French defies the whole generation of investors that believe in efficient markets and that asset returns are a result of volatility. Finally,this study aims at shedding more light into the area of asset pricing models in Kuwait; its importance serves many functions such as capital budgeting, security evaluations and investment performance and evaluations.Four portfolios were constructed, (S/L) small cap stocks along with low book to market firms, (S/H) firms that are small in size with high book to market firms, (B/L) big firms with low book to market firms, and (B/H) big firms with high book to market ratios. The returns of the above portfolios are regressed on the market portfolio, a mimicking portfolio capturing the average difference between returns of small firms and the return of big firms and third a mimicking portfolio which captures an equally weighted long position in high book to market portfolio and an equally weighted short position on low book to market ration.Kuwait’s results indicated that the Fama and French model added a marginal effect in pricing securities and especially for those securities that are in the S/L and S/H categories. In addition to finding premiums for small and high book to market firms, our results dismiss most of Fama and French’s controversies. Lakonishok and Vishnay (1994) theory has been disproved since our findings confirm that high book to market premium is not a result of an arbitrage opportunity. We also responded to the ‘Survivorship Bias’ argument by Kothari, Shanken and Sloan (1995) by testing both the firms that failed as well as firms that survived, unlike Fama and French wereonly the surviving firms were tested, our results thus do not support the ‘Survivorship Bias’theory. Responding to the ‘Data snooping’ argument by Lo Mackinlay (1988), Black (1993) and Mackinlay (1995) also took place when testing in an out of sample test as in our example, Kuwait. The only controversy of Fama and French that could not be tested was Daniel and Titman (1997) since we were limited with data to construct portfolios with many different variations in characteristics and factor loadings. Results in Kuwait refute the Efficient Market Theory Hypothesis since our finding confirm that returns are not related to volatility and secondly that Multi Factor Minimum Variance MMV portfolios were discovered that negates the market factor as the only Minimum Variance Efficient MVE portfolio.Overall Kuwait’s results proved that a multifactor model is more explanatory than the CAPM’s beta. This of course has many implications especially in calculating cost of capital and in evaluating portfolio managers. Results though were not as powerful as the model exhibited in the U.S and in some international markets. Reasons might be because of the smaller time period of study in Kuwait, 8 years in comparison to 70 years in the U.S. A second reason might because of the many new joining companies in years 2003-2004 in Kuwait; which negates the possibility of revealing a small and book to market premiums, as these need more time to become obvious.

آية بوحادة, زهير بابا واسماعيل

كلية العلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية-جامعة عبد الرحمان ميرة - بجاية · الجزائر

In this research, I touched upon the issues of adornment of women and theprovisions related to them, as it aims to clarify the ambiguity in some of thedevelopments related to the hair and face from the adornment of women, byrelying on the statement of the Sharia ruling according to the jurisprudentialschools of thought, as well as the fatwas of contemporaries, The research dealswith the rulings of two types of adornment:First: Some of the rulings on adornment related to hair, such as the rule of wig andfalse eyelashes, hair cutting, dyeing, shaving and planting for women's hairadornment, eyebrow plucking and hair removal from the face and from the rest ofthe woman's body, whether by traditional or modern methods.Second: Some of the provisions for adornment for the face, such as decoratingwith powders and lenses, decorating the face with adornment, tattoos, and somenecessary and cosmetic operations.