Amel Agdouche, Assala Radjai, Nacira Chourghal

كلية علوم الطبيعة والحياة وعلوم الأرض والكون-جامعة محمد البشير الإبراهيمي - برج بوعريريج · الجزائر

La céréaliculture algérienne, dominée par le blé dur représente l’épine dorsale de l’alimentation humaine, animale et le plier de l’économie nationale. Cette culture reste dépendante du climat, principalement des sécheresses. La documentation indique que la sécheresse a un impact très important sur la culture et la croissance des céréales, en particulier dans les zones arides et semi-arides, où elle conduit à faire face à de nombreux problèmes, ce qui affecte négativement sa production en Algérie, qui à son tour conduit à l'effondrement de l'économie de tout le pays.Mots clés:sécheresse / céréale / impact / production / aride / semi-aride

احمد عباس, طارق حاتم

كلية ادارة الاعمال-الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة · مصر

The overall study of available literature regarding entrepreneurship in Egypt reveals several gaps and barriers in the ecosystem. Human Capital represented in: education institutions, availability of skilled labor, and culture norms come at the forefront. Absence of entrepreneurship in the educational curricula in schools and most universities is a contributing factor of t the lagging entrepreneurship activities.This research investigates, explains and analyzes the existing situation of entrepreneurship, specifically social entrepreneurship in colleges of commerce in Egyptian public universities. Colleges of commerce are chosen for being the natural home of entrepreneurship education. Description and evaluation of the status quo are employed to explicitly understand the symptoms and causes of this gap. Also, it creates a roadmap of the mechanics, procedures, key players and motivations required to introduce a new curriculum in the existing system. Understanding the universities and colleges’ bylaws and regulations as well as supporting and supervising institutions - like the Supreme Council of Universities SCU and its supreme sub-councils - serves in designing an intervention applicable and compliant with the existing official and institutional framework.The study involves primary and secondary data collection and analysis. Quasi-structured interviews with business professors in several public universities in Egypt were conducted to reveal the existing status quo, engage stakeholders, and collect data and feedback as well as recommendations introducing entrepreneurship to the public university. Secondary data was used to build on existing researches and findings about the Egyptian context. In addition, I study the evolution and development of social entrepreneurship curricula in some universities to come up with best practices and lesson-learned applicable to the Egyptian context.According to Ajzen theory of Planned Behavior as well as several researches, education is proved to cause both behavioral and cultural changes Students who were exposed to some entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship education were more inclination to start their own entrepreneurial endeavors, as opposed to being employed by others.Egypt has a large untapped resource of 325,400 annual graduates of Public Universities (CAPMAS 2013); of which 78,625 graduate of faculties of commerce with different majors. College graduates lack both the knowledge and the skill-set for entrepreneurship5and social entrepreneurship. There are no academic courses, majors or minors on undergraduate nor graduate levels for entrepreneurship or social entrepreneurship, with 2 exceptions of Helwan and Zagazig Universities. The only available course is Management of Small and Medium Enterprises. this is limited to senior management students.Despite the bureaucracy and stagnation of public universities in Egypt, there is a clear opportunity of change, given the size and distribution of public universities that can contribute to poverty alleviation and job creation - if steered towards social entrepreneurship. Existing bylaws and procedures dictate the start approval process from department level to the college to the dean to the head of the university and ultimately approval from the SCU. Each university and college has independent bylaws; however, introducing new curricula mirrors existing curricula in local universities. New curricula will cut quotas of existing professors and may face serious objections by traditional professors. The SCU has agreed to make entrepreneurship major curricula in universities, as advertised on February 2015. This could be perceived as a beckoning call for implementation by all public universities.Recommended intervention suggests engagement of management professors, SCU, and NGOs like Nahdit El Mahrousa, Alshanek Ya Balady, Ashoka, Injaz as well as development institutions like UNDP in a collaborative project to pilot new curricula at a selective number of faculties of commerce. The new course should be introduced as a basic course to senior undergraduates and graduate students. Eventually, other faculties can implement programs using the pilot faculties. Following the development model of international universities, further steps should expand this initiative by offering majors and minors in social entrepreneurship on both undergraduate and graduate levels. It is advised that these courses be offered in in Arabic to ensure reaching a larger segment of students. On the graduate levels, initiating a new diploma on social entrepreneurship would be much easier and will not overlap with existing programs. However, these diplomas should be open to all students regardless of their undergraduate majors.

شيماء طالب

الجامعة التكنولوجية · العراق

صبا عامر جارالله, علي عبدالستار الحافظ

كلية الادارة والاقتصاد-جامعة الموصل · العراق

عبدالحليم محمد حامد, نور دفع الله علي الياس

كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة القران الكريم والعلوم الاسلامية · السودان

تتناسب فواتح سبع سور إفتتحت بالثناء علي الله بصيغ التنزيه عن النقائص إبراز أوجه التوافق و التناسق في القضايا التي تناولتها السور و درات حولها محاورها . يعين علي فهم موضوع الوحدة القرآنية و تناسب المواضيع و المحاور رغماً عن نزول القرآن متفرقاً و بالرغم من أن السور منها المكي و منها المدني .

خالد ميا, مالك عدنان الغدير , محمد ديب

المعهد العالي للعلوم التطبيقية والتكنولوجيا‎ · سوريا

في هذا العمل حضرت مادة مركبة بوليمرية هي بولي إيثيلين منخفض الكثافة (LDPE) / أكسيد جرافين، ودرست بنيويًا ووصفت خصائصها المورفولوجية والحرارية. في الطريقة الأولى وُضعت طبقة من الأكاسيد على سطح البولي إيثيلين منخفض الكثافة باستخدام ترسيب الأبخرة الفيزيائية (PVD). وُصفت العينات المحضّرة باستخدام مجهر القوة الذرية (AFM)، ثم درست خصائصها البصرية باستخدام مطيافية الأشعة تحت الحمراء بتحويل فورييه (FTIR) ومطيافية الأشعة المرئية وفوق البنفسجية (UV-VIS). أظهرت القياسات الطيفية أن الطبقة المودعة تقلل نفاذية الأشعة المرئية في مجال 10 ميكرومتر، مما يؤثر كثيرًا على نفاذية الأشعة المرئية وفوق البنفسجية. ودُرست العينات على هياكل مختلفة مصنعة لتتفاعل ميكانيكيًا حراريًا، وبيّنت الدراسات التجريبية المورفولوجية كسا وبنية درجة حرارة واحدة أن درجة الحرارة داخل البولي إيثيلين بوليمريتها مع بيت بوليمريك مصنوعة من LDPE غير موضحة عليه. في الطريقة الثانية، خلطت طبقة من الأكاسيد مع البولي إيثيلين منخفض الكثافة، ثم وُصفت خصائصها المورفولوجية باستخدام FTIR ومطياف UV-VIS، وأظهرت القياسات الطيفية أن المادة المركبة من LDPE مع الأكاسيد تقلل نفاذية الأشعة المرئية في مجال 10 ميكرومتر. كما لوحظ أن خلط الأكاسيد مع LDPE يؤثر على الخصائص الحرارية للمادة المركبة. تم فحص العينات بالمجهر الإلكتروني الماسح (SEM) حراريًا باستخدام التحليل الحراري الوزني (TGA)، وميكانيكيًا (مقاومة الشد، ومعامل يونغ والاستطالة عند القطع). بيّنت الدراسة الميكانيكية أن أكثر العينات المركبة من حيث درجة الحرارة داخل البوليمر غير المدمج، وأثبتت الدراسة الميكانيكية أن السلوك الميكانيكي للعينة المحضّرة تحسن عن خصائص LDPE الصرف. كذلك أظهرت الدراسة أن خلط LDPE مع السيليكا النانوية بنسبة قليلة جدًا أدى إلى تحسن في الخصائص الميكانيكية والبصرية مقارنة بالعينات الأخرى. وبيّنت الدراسات المورفولوجية أن درجة حرارة التحلل الحراري داخل البولي إيثيلين بوليمريتها مع بيت بوليمريك مصنوع من LDPE غير مدموج مع الأكاسيد.

Ahmed Tolba , Roa Khalid Al Sayed

كلية العلوم والهندسة-الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة · مصر

The textile industry is the second most polluting worldwide, following food manufacturing. It is one of the industries that is rarely scrutinized in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. This work analyzes the fashion industry from the perspective of consumer attitudes towards the purchase and disposal of clothing, and their behavior with regards to old garments. The study was conducted in Saudi Arabia and Egypt, two countries that achieved similar results in the fashion industry. The methodology is divided into three phases. First, the manuscript begins with a review of topics such as sustainability, consumer behavior in the fashion sector, and sustainable fashion as an innovation by highlighting some industrial applications in other countries. This secondary research demonstrated that textile recycling works in other countries and has the potential to succeed in the MENA region. The second phase includes interviews with industry experts, managers, and site visits. Lastly, consumer interviews were conducted as a focus phase. Content analysis as an exploratory tool was used to analyze the results of the interviews. It was demonstrated that both countries were in the early stages of recycling textile waste, but they had the motivation to enter this market. Also, it showed that the pressure coming from governments were the main purpose of implementing this kind of projects. KSA and Egypt were similar from the perspective of culture, and that was shown in consumer interviews in how they deal with their old garments. In the end, it was concluded that only customers can control the power of the market.

Sid’Ahmed Daoud, Nehari Driss, Retiel Noureddine

كلية العلوم التكنولوجية-جامعة عبد الحميد بن باديس مستغانم · الجزائر

Le présent travail présente une étude numérique d'un écoulement oscillatoire en 2D autour de différents cylindres à section elliptique, sous les conditions de trois régimes : régime « A » (Re=100 et KC=5), régime « D » (Re=130 et KC=6.5) et régime « F » (Re=170 et KC=8.5). Afin d’étudier l'effet de l'ellipticité du cylindre sur le champ d’écoulement et sur les forces hydrodynamiques, le rapport elliptique (rapport des axes) a été varié dans une large gamme (de 1 à 0,1) allant du cas d’un cylindre circulaire au cas d’un cylindre à section elliptique très effilé. Cette investigation est centrée principalement sur l'analyse du champ de vorticité et vise à déterminer les forces et les coefficients hydrodynamiques pour chaque rapport elliptique. Les résultats présentés dans ce travail ont été obtenus en utilisant un code numérique en fortran développé au Laboratoire de Modélisation Numérique et Expérimentale des Phénomènes Mécaniques (LMNEPM) à l'Université de Mostaganem. Les équations de Navier-Stokes ont été résolues de manière tridimensionnelle et non stationnaire par une méthode des différences finies de second ordre de précision pour l'espace et le temps. La version originale de ce code a été utilisée pour simuler les écoulements oscillants autour des cylindres circulaires où la validation des résultats numérique a été réalisée avec des données expérimentales fournies par d’autres recherches. Les résultats du tracé tourbillonnaire, du champ de pression, des forces hydrodynamiques et des coefficients de Morrison seront présentés et discutés à la lumière de leur dépendance du rapport elliptique.

أحمد بصلات, غسان سفاريني , هند سليم شاهد

كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة النجاح الوطنية · فلسطين

In the present work, the angular and spectral flux of the Compton backscattering X-ray source of ThomX are investigated. ThomX is a shortened form of Thomson scattering producing hard X-rays.This work was performed through two steps. Firstly, a short computer pro- gram is written by using analytical formulas allowing the calculation of the expected angular and spectral flux of the Compton source as a function of the characteristics of the incoming electron beam. Then, the CAIN program is used to generate Compton photons in order to describe X-ray spectral and angular distributions and check the agreement between the analytical formulas and CAIN simulations.The CdTe detector parameters (the detector size and distance to the end- station), which will be used in ThomX, were also taken into consideration in the calculations. One important feature is that this simulation code can be run by accessing a giant server computer station in LAL.The best electron parameters in ThomX are investigated to allow producing the highest Compton flux in a given energy bandwidth and a given angular aperture. The effect on the Compton flux of both the Compton kinematics and electron beam characteristics are studied.The calibration of the CdTe detector, which is to be used to detect X-ray flux for ThomX, was performed using 57Co as a radioactive source.

Ali El Reza Ghulam Asghar, Ghassan Antar

كلية العلوم والأداب-الجامعة الأمريكية في بيروت · لبنان

Thermonuclear fusion is one of the most promising options for generating energy in the future. Lower hybrid (LH) current drive waves has proved to be one of the most efficient techniques regarding current drive in plasma fusion devices called tokamaks. LH propagation into closed field lines and mainly the interaction with the edge and the scrape-off layer (SOL) decreases its efficiency in driving current. For this reason, it is important to understand and quantify the interaction between the LH waves and the plasma edge. This interaction is characterized in the SOL by electrostatic probes. Using DFLUC data acquisition resolving frequencies below 0.5 MHz, we characterize the SOL properties in the presence of LH waves. The normalized level of fluctuations is found independent of the power and average density. The intermittent events reflecting convective transport decrease as LH power is increased while remaining unchanged with respect to the plasma density. The convective velocity, detected by the cross-correlation is found to increase with PLH but the distribution of turbulence among the scales was not found to be modified. As the core density is increased, the convective velocity and the typical scales did not change. Using the DCEDRE data acquisition, resolving frequencies 0.1f100 MHz, the existence of an ion sound quasi-mode was detected. The propagation velocity as well as the wavelength of this mode were calculated and found in agreement with the theory. Moreover, the amplitude of this mode increased to the square of the LH power clearly showing that it is caused by a Parametric Decay Instability. The level of turbulence was found about 10 times that of the coherent mode and it is decreasing with increasing LH power and is increasing with increasing plasma density.