علاء سعيد حمدونة, محمد زيدان سالم, وفيق حلمي الأغا

كلية الاقتصاد والعلوم الإدارية-جامعة الازهر - غزة · فلسطين

Lubab Eltayeb Almekashfi , Ibrahim Ahmed Abakar Mohammed, Zahir Abu-Obedia Ahmed

كلية التربية حنتوب-جامعة الجزيرة · السودان

English literature is one of the works of arts that influenced world literature, because of its handling of some human phenomena and topics that touch the lives of a large number of people in different parts of the world. This is clearly reflected in the great impact that this literature has on the world in general and in Europe, in particular. One of these social phenomena dealt with by English literature is the phenomenon of 'racism'. This study aimed at investigating 'racism' as a social issue in Braithwaite's novel'To Sir, with love''. It also aimed to show how racism is artistically portrayed in the events and the characters in the novel.The study adopted the critical analytical method. The themes and characters were critically analyzed to show how racism is dealt with in the novel. The study has reached several results, the most important of which are: The whole story of the novel is about racism, and conflict stems from racist acts and attitudes of the whites towards the black hero of the novel. It has also revealed that racism is portrayed in a number of different ways: the white woman's refusal to sit with the black hero in this novel 'Braithwaite' shows the seriousness and intensity of the problem of racism, the language is used as a powerful weapon to express 'racism' this can be evident through such expressions as '' black bastard'' and ' blackie teacher' which were intended to be provoking and insulting , the bad treatment which is represented in many events such as the restaurant incidents, the mistreatment of Braithwaite ,by the waiter dropping soup, and not on Gillian(who was a white skinned girl ) and the appearance of a smirk , across the waiter's mouth, shows the disrespect and intentionality of the act. It has also been concluded that the character of the protagonist is portrayed in a way that inspires strength, will power, determination and patience which can enable a person who suffers from racism to continue his\ her life without being defeated. The study recommends researchers in the field of English literature in general and in the novel in particular to study such human values as equality and justice in literary works. It also recommends that Braithwaite's works are to be part of English literature courses at the university-level. The study suggests carrying out more studies on the Braithwaite works, such as:an investigation into racism as a source of conflict in Braithwaite's works and the role of racism in characters portrayal in Braithwaite's novel ''To Sir, With Love''.

فتحي مهدیة , مهدية فتحي

كلية العلوم الانسانية والاجتماعية-جامعة محمد بوضياف - المسيلة · الجزائر

إن هذه الدراسة تخص الظاهرة الإستشراقية في كيفية تعاملها مع موضوع الشرق، كما تعكس طبيعة الإستشراق في دراساته التي شملت الإسلام ومعالمه المختلفة، فكانت الإشكالية كالتالي:هل الخطاب الإستشراقي يمثل خلفية صراع أم حوار؟، ولذلك قسّمت هذا البحث إلى ثلاثة فصول، الفصل الأول مفهوم الإستشراق وأصوله التاريخية، الفصل الثاني الإستشراق كأداة للحوار، والفصل الثالث الإستشراق كأداة للصراع، وقد توصلت إلى أن الإستشراق تيار فكري ذو اتجاهين: علمي موضوعي، والآخر عدائي يخدم أجندة غربية وسياسته المتسلطة عن العالم، ولهذا فإن الطابع الغالب للإستشراق يتجلى في صورة صراع، استنادا إلى النفوذ الكبير الذي يتمتع به الإستشراق في الغرب.

الحاجة بن ناصر, خيرة شهيب

كلية العلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية-جامعة ابن خلدون – تيارت · الجزائر

تناولت هذه الدراسة فلسفة البيئة وأخلاقياتها، بحيث تكشف هذه الدراسة أهمية فلسفة البيئة وأهم النظريات الفلسفية التي أتت بها بعد تأثيرها على معظم مفكرين الحقبة المعاصرة كما أنها تنتقد الواقع المعاش للبيئة وما تشهده من أزمات.كذلك تطرقنا إلى نقد جل الفلاسفة للمركزية البشرية والإنسانية فهي تجمع على المساواة والعدل بين مختلف الكائنات الحية.وركزنا في بحثنا هذا على الجانب التطبيقي أكثر شيء متمثل في التوعية البيئية والتربية البيئية من أجل الحفاظ على البيئة الطبيعية وقد كان بحثنا هذا بمثابة الدعوة لأخلاقة البيئة .

Cindy Gunn, Maryam Salari

كلية الاداب والعلوم-الجامعة الأمريكية - الشارقة · الامارات

Formal English language instruction in many parts of the world has shown limited success in developing efficient speaking skills even after years of studying. In Dubai schools, where English is the medium of instruction, many students have serious problems in making themselves understood in English. This causes lots of difficulties later on when these students are required to use English language in doing their assignments as well as communicating with other students and professors in academic settings. Another area of concern for these students is finding suitable jobs, as efficient spoken English is vastly demanded by employers even in those jobs which do not require much professionalism. For a variety of reasons, English language teachers focus only on reading, grammar, and vocabulary, and speaking skill is still not a curriculum requirement in many private schools in Dubai. Therefore, oftentimes teachers choose not to spend time teaching a skill which is neither a curriculum requirement, nor assessed, particularly since teachers have a heavy teaching load, extra curricular activities to arrange, and many other responsibilities. In order to find out more about the actual reasons behind such a situation, 30 English language teachers and 105 students in six different schools in Dubai were asked to answer a questionnaire and participate in interviews. Later, with the help of insights from the related literature in this field, for a period of eight weeks, a specially focused program was introduced in a private school in Dubai, which introduced teaching speaking skills into the pre-determined objectives of the curriculum. This program used the existing school's syllabus accompanied by some extra materials and activities. Prior to the beginning of this program, a diagnostic speaking test was carried out to determine the participating students' primary speaking abilities. Another speaking test was administered at the end of the program. These two tests provided the tools for measuring the improvements of the students quantitatively. Students were also under an on-going assessment through keeping a writing journal by the teacher-researcher. Moreover, the students through both formal and informal interviews were constantly asked to express their attitudes and opinions about the activities, as well as their self-perceived improvements. At the end of the program another questionnaire was given to the students which asked them to evaluate the whole program they had been presented with. Results of the first part of this study indicated that the teachers' beliefs about and the students' expectations form the formal English instruction were not consistent. Teachers preferred to begin including speaking skills once the curriculum demanded it. Students, on the other hand seemed to be interested in being given chances to develop their speaking skills. Also, the results from the focused instruction program showed that students can improve their speaking skills in spite of all the time constraints and without much change in their designed syllabus.

سليم الرجوب, يزن أحمد محمد التلبيشي

جامعة القدس · فلسطين

تعد اختيارات ابن تيمية-رحمه الله تعالى-ذات أهمية، لاسيّما أنه كان مشاراً إليه بالبنان في الفقه وغيره، واختياراته-رحمه الله تعالى- لم يتقيد فيها بمذهب معين، وإنما كان يبذل قصارى جهده في الوصول للراجح، وهذا ما أكسبه قبولاً عند أهل العلم؛ لأنه لم يكن منحازاً لمذهب بعينه، بل كان في آخر حياته مجتهداً في الفروع مقلداً للحنابلة في الأصول.وقد تناولت هذه الدراسة موافقة ابن تيمية للمذهب المالكي في كتاب الطهارة، ودراسة تلك الموافقات دراسة فقهية مقارنة، وكان الباحث في هذه الرسالة متبعاً للمنهج الوصفي الاستقرائي، وقد خلص الباحث في هذه الدراسة إلى وجود ثلاث عشرة مسألة، كان فيها ابن تيمية موافقاً للمذهب المالكي في كتاب الطهارة، فكان من نتائجها أنه كان حافظاً للآثار مع قدرته على الاستنباط، جامعاً بين التأصيل والتفريع.وكان الراجح مما تم دراسته في هذه الرسالة هو اختيارات ابن تيمية التي وافق فيها المالكية، إلا مسألتين وهما إجابة المتخلي للمؤذن، فإن ابن تيمية-رحمه الله تعالى-أجاز الترداد خلف المؤذن أثناء قضاء الحاجة، ولكن الذي تم ترجيحه خلال الدراسة هو قول الجمهور وهو: النهي عن الترداد خلف المؤذن لمن كان يقضي حاجته، ومسألة الموالاة في الوضوء فإن ابن تيمية-رحمه الله تعالى-أوجب الموالاة في حالة القدرة والذكر، ولم يوجبها في حالة وجود عذر كالسعي لطلب الماء في حالة انقطاعه والشخص يتوضأ، وفي حالة عدم القدرة خلافاً لمذهب الحنابلة الذين أوجبوا الموالاة مطلقاً وهذا ما تم ترجيه

Mohammed Osman Hassan Mohammed , Emad Eldin Alfadil

كلية الزراعة-جامعة الخرطوم · السودان

Sudan as one of the developing countries depends on agriculturalproduction and exports. Cotton was a backbone of Sudan economyin the past, but it lost its economic importance due to fluctuation incultivated areas, productivity and production. Cotton’s contributionto the export revenue had dropped from about 55% during theseventies to about 22% in early 1990s and to 3% in 2000s.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the profitability andcompetitiveness of cotton production in the Gezira scheme whichcontributed about 65% of cotton production of Sudan. The studydepended on secondary data of six seasons (2002-2007) for the twomain varieties of cotton, Barakat and Acala.To asses the competitiveness of cotton and quantifying its privateand economic profitability, and the incidence of taxation andsubsidies policy, a Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) as a quantitativeaccounting tool was used for financial and economical analysis ofcotton production.The results showed that, the Gezira scheme had a competitiveadvantage in cotton production, and the resources were usedefficiently and the production and exports of the two varieties ofcotton are profitable. The results indicated that the two varieties ofcotton had a competitive advantage in both absolute and relativeterms, but Barakat variety had a higher private profitability thanAcala variety.The study recommended that the government should provide moreincentives to producers through sound price policy to encourageefficient production, and adopt new technology in production,packaging, and ginning.

بونوة التنونسي, عبد القادر جعفر

كلية العلوم الاجتماعية والإنسانية-جامعة غرداية · الجزائر

هذا البحث يعالج موضوع طرق إثبات جرائم التعزير في الشريعة الإسلامية والقانون الجزائري، وذلك بإظهار أهمية التعزير في نظام العقوبات في الشريعة الإسلامية وكذا دوره في الحد من الجرائم التي يتعرض لها المجتمع الإسلامي، فجرائم التعزير تتغير بتغير الأزمنة، ولذلك وجب وضع طرق لإثبات هذه الجرائم والحد منها، وذلك من خلال دراسة هذه الطرق التي تثبت الجرائم التعزيرية دراسة مقارنة بين الشريعة الإسلامية والقانون الجزائري.

كريم عبدالغني عبد جاسم

جامعة ديالي · العراق

Abdelkerim Rebiai , Hania Mansour , Imane Metouri , Touhami Lanez

كلية العلوم والتكنولوجيا-جامعة الشهيد حمة لخضر - الوادي · الجزائر