Toufic Mezher , Maria Polo Alvez

جامعة خليفة · الامارات

During the first decade of the current century, global renewable energy (RE) demand has experienced a significant and sustained growth as a consequence of several factors such as the price increment of fossil-based energies, the depletion of fossil resources and the climate change challenge due to carbon emissions. The increase in renewable energy capacity in many countries was driven by regulatory policies and market based incentives to make RE economically more competitive compared to conventional energy sources. For example, many countries that adopted Feed-in Tariff (FIT) policy had to commit to generous amount of subsidies in their fiscal budget to cover the policy cost. These subsidies have proven to be very costly and their financial impacts were especially felt when the economic crisis started in 2008. Therefore, many government agencies had to rethink their RE polices, particularly FIT. This study analyzes the renewable energy policies in leading countries such as Germany and Denmark and then focuses on the case of Spain and its RE policy history and evolution. Spain has traditionally been a pioneer in the adoption of renewable energy technologies, and in creating and promoting different market-based instruments since 1980. However, Spanish RE development and adoption started facing new challenges with its FIT policy, which led to a huge financial burden on the country. A case study is presented to tell the RE FIT policy story of Spain. A comparison of different mechanisms to measure efficiency and effectiveness of RE policies is made and then applied to analyze the Spanish case. Finally a system dynamics model is built to help in determining the impact of different energy policy alternatives in Spain for the next 20 years.

Abdellah Dahmani, Abdellah Kissoum, .Alouache A

كلية التكنولوجيا-جامعة عبد الرحمان ميرة - بجاية · الجزائر

Le centre ville de la commune de kaous possède un réseau d’assainissement vétuste,archaïque et défectueux, cette défectuosité s’aggrave avec le développement intense del’urbanisation et l’accroissement rapide de la population, ce qui a rendu de plus en plus délicatle problème d’évacuation des eaux usées et pluviales ainsi que les débordements et les odeurs.L’objectif de cette étude est de concevoir et dimensionner un nouveau réseaud’assainissement séparatif afin de répondre et satisfaire les besoins de cette agglomération etd’éviter les risques de pollution qui menacent la santé des habitants de cette ville, et les zonesagricoles ainsi les nappes d’eau.

إيمان فوغالي, نوال علاق

كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية-جامعة عبد الحميد بن باديس مستغانم · الجزائر

مــلخص مذكرة الماسترتناول في هذه المذكرة جريمة الإجهاض من جانبها الشرعي و القانوني مع تحليل لأركان الجريمة في قانون العقوبات الجزائري و توضيح الوسائل المستعملة في هذه جريمة و دراسة كيفية إثباتها و لأسباب الاباحتها .واشرنا أيضا إلى المسائل التي يثيرها الإجهاض في السنوات الأخيرة خاصة من الناحية السياسية و الاجتماعية

براء اسعد لطوف, كريم هنيكش حسن

كلية العلوم-جامعة ديالي · العراق

Salam Turkman , عادل طويل

كلية الدراسات العليا-جامعة بيرزيت · فلسطين

Requirement engineering, or elicitation as also commonly known, is a critical stage in software engineering that enables requirement engineers extract the right knowledge of the system, functional and constraints, needs of stakeholders. This is often both an error prone and a time expensive process. Research shows that the majority of the errors in the software functionality, often discovered in later stages of development, are directly linked to the mistakes (e.g. misunderstanding, ambiguity/interpretations, correctness, etc.) made during the requirement elicitation phases. Therefore, many researchers proposed different approaches to enhance the existing requirements engineering techniques to both reduce such mistakes and speed up the requirements engineering process. One of these approaches is based on utilizing business process modelling to take benefit from business process models that are already available in an enterprise to derive requirements. Many organizations have their existing business process models in the form of working instructions, consisting of embedded business rules and processes that provide enough valid details for specifying, important aspects of, software systems. Upon reviewing the research done in this field, many approaches have been proposed to automatically generate requirements specifications from business models(see chapter 3), but they fail to achieve transformation without significant manual intervention. In this thesis, we propose a structured approach to derive system requirements based on business process models (named BMSpec) that employ a set of systematic steps to improve business process models before transforming them into requirement models. The transformation is then done by mapping objects in a business process model (represented in XML/BPMN) to a UML-based use case model and structured-text use cases descriptions. The transformation is performed by algorithms that base their methods on a set of heuristic rules developed part of this research. Although this transformation is not fully automated, but it aims to achieve a greater degree of automation with more precise and valid requirement specifications, thus enabling to overcome many of the problems that arise in the requirement elicitation phases, such as misunderstanding of the business by requirement engineers, lack of focus on the objective of the system, and miscommunication between stakeholders and system requirement engineer, and reducing effort,time and eventually errors in the software specifications. 37 business process models,classified into 6 levels of richness, have been used to validate and evaluate BMSpec, in terms of its efficiency, sufficiency and correctness. The evaluation results show that BMSpec’s generated requirements were correct for the tested case studies,90% sufficiency,of covering BPMN’s notations,and higher generation efficiency directly proportional to the level of richness of the input business process model.

Fariza Oussaid, D. Belhai

كلية علوم الأرض والجغرافيا وتهيئة الإقليم-جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا هواري بومدين - الجزائر · الجزائر

Le présent travail porte sur la recherche et l'étude stratigraphique et structurale du passage crétacé supérieur-paléocène dans la Dorsale externe du (secteur de Sidi-Belkacem et d'Ouzakou) et l'unité tellienne supérieure des ''Quatre Mamelons'' (Lepvrier et al., 1969) à Larhat et à Beni-Akil. L'étude réalisée sur un total de cent trente échantillons, a été basée sur les déterminations de Foraminifères planctoniques. Elle aboutit à la mise en évidence d'une limite nette entre le terminal et le Paléocène inférieur à moyen dans la coupe (AA') dans la Dorsale externe du . Ce passage terminal-paléocène inférieur à moyen est marqué par une fine couche d'argile marneuse (sombre) oxydée à la base. Il se caractérise par : -Disparition des Foraminifères planctoniques de grande taille et apparition d'espèces plus petites . -Baisse de la productivité dans la couche argileuse (25%). - Abondance de magnétites . - Présence de lentilles centimétriques du gypse, intercalées dans des niveaux marneux à faune pélagique. Les premiers sédiments tertiaires montrent un assemblage de Foraminifères stress-tolérants (Globigerinidae et Heterohelix), se situant dans une partie déjà avancée du Paléocène inférieur. La présence de , indique le sommet du Danien et/ou la base du , néanmoins, cette absence du Paléocène basal indique un hiatus sédimentaire, dû sans doute à la baisse du niveau marin connue à cette époque (Adatte et al., 2002). Cette régression marine fini-crétacée est probablement révélée par la présence des lentilles du gypse au passage - intercalaires dans des niveaux marneux à microfaune pélagique. Par l'approche , une tectonique syn-sédimentaire est déterminée dans la Dorsale kabyle. En effet, pendant que dans l'unité la plus externe du et du équivalente de la Dorsale médiane de (unité de Ras ), la sédimentation (marneuse et calcaire au et Ténès) est continue depuis le Crétacé supérieur jusqu'à . Ailleurs dans le Djurdjura une forte érosion attaque les formations jurassiques et crétacées qui se manifeste par des conglomérats et des brèches à éléments reconnus dans la Dorsale externe de (Biardeau et al.,1983; Coutelle, 1980).

دايم بلقاسم, مولاي هاشمي

كلية الحقوق والعلوم السياسية-جامعة أبو بكر بلقايد - تلمسان · الجزائر

الرقابة البرلمانية اختصاص أصيل للبرلمان، و محور أساسي في عملية إرساء الديمقراطية يمارسها هذا الأخير باعتباره ممثلا للإرادة الشعبية، في إطار مبدأ الفصل المرن بين السلطات القائم على أساس التعاون والتنسيق والتأثير المتبادل بين السلطة التشريعية و السلطة التنفيذية.و انطلاقا من هذا ولمعرفة مدى تحقيق الرقابة البرلمانية لهدفها المنشود و هو مراقبة أداء النشاط الحكومي، عكس هذا البحث تطور توظيف مختلف آليات الرقابة التي كرستها الدساتير الجزائرية المتعاقبة،والتي تعددت واختلفت من حيث تنوعها وفعاليتها واستخدامها حسب المراحل التي مرت بها التجربة البرلمانية الجزائرية ، مدعما بالأمثلة التطبيقية الممارسة في الميدان

انتصار صغيرون الزين صغيرون, حنان هجو الشيخ عبدالرحمن

كلية الاداب-جامعة الخرطوم · السودان

Susanne Kamel Abou Ghaida, سمير خلف

كلية العلوم والأداب-الجامعة الأمريكية في بيروت · لبنان

This study is concerned with the fans of the Lebanese playwright , musician and icon Ziyad AI-Rahbani . Based on the assumption that readers, listeners and viewers are active in how they attach meaning to cultural texts, this exploratory study sought to u

زيد العقايله, عبيد محمد صالح سليمان الكعبي

كلية الحقوق-جامعة الإمارات العربية المتحدة · الامارات