Phytoremediation of Some Egyptian Soils Polluted with Heavy Metals

الموضوعات

زراعة

الملخص

Three pot experiments were conducted in a wired greenhouse at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. The experiments aimed to investigate the phytoextraction efficiency of Cu, Zn and Pb from contaminated soils using sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) under chelators addition. Two experiments were carried out to study the effect of chelating agents, EDTA (0.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 mmol kg-1 soil), citric acid (CA) (0, 3, 6 and 9 mmol kg-1 soil) and humic acid (HA)(0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g kg-1 soil), on the phytoextraction efficiency of Cu, Zn and Pb by sunflower (summer season of 2013) and Indian mustard plants (winter season of 2013/2014) and leaching behavior of these metals from Abu Rawash and Al-Gabal Al-Asfar contaminated soils. Third experiment (winter season 2013/2014) was conducted to study the residual effect of chelating agents added to sunflower experiment, without any addition of chelators, on phytoextraction of tested metals by Indian mustard and leaching behavior of these metals from studied soils. The main results can be summarized as follow:5.1. Effect of chelators on the dry weight (g plant-1) of sunflower and Indian mustard plants grown on the two studied soils: The plant organs of sunflower were increased due to CA and HA application(especially at 3 mmol kg-1 soil and 6 mmol kg-1 soil, respectively) compared to EDTA addition in both soils. Where, EDTA addition in both studied soils led to a significant decrease in dry matter production of sunflower plant as compared to control. In this respect, visual symptoms of toxicity were observed in the EDTA treatment especially at high levels. The highest value of Indian mustard dry weight were recorded due to CA and HA application, but this effect was higher for HA treatment. While, using EDTA reduced plant dry weight yield as compared to control in both soils. Besides, visual symptoms of toxicity were observed on Indian mustard similar to that happened with sunflower. 5.2. Effect of chelators on Cu concentration (mg kg-1 DW) in plant organs of sunflower and Indian mustard plants grown on the two soils under study: Application of EDTA and CA increased Cu concentrations of sunflower and Indian mustard plant organs as compared to HA, but this effect was higher for EDTA. Application of 4.5 mmol EDTA kg-1 soil gave the highest concentrations of Cu in roots, stems, leaves and seeds of both plants as compared to control in both studied soils. The increments for sunflower were 4.02, 2.47, 3.12 and 1.37 folds in Abu Rawash soil and were 4.22, 2.64, 3.91 and 1.55 fold in Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soil, respectively. While, the increments for Indian mustard were 2.08, 2.44, 2.87 and 1.30 folds in Abu Rawash soil and were 1.91, 2.88, 3.04 and 1.56 folds in Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soil, respectively.5.3. Effect of chelators on Cu uptake (mg plant-1) by sunflower and Indian mustard plants grown on the two soils under study: Each of EDTA and CA treatments significantly increased the uptake of Cu by roots, stems, leaves, seeds of sunflower plant and total uptake (mg plant-1) by sunflower and Indian mustard plants in both studied soils. Where, Cu uptake by sunflower and Indian mustard plants as affected by using different chelator treatments was in the order: EDTA > CA > HA in both soils. No constant trend regarding to the effect of HA on Cu uptake by both plants in the both soils. EDTA at 4.5 mmol kg-1 soil achieved the highest values of Cu total uptake by plants in both studied soils. Where, the corresponding values increased as compared to control by 2.06 and 2.43 folds in case of sunflower and by 1.70 and 1.73 folds in case of Indian mustard in Abu Rawash and Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soils, respectively. 5.4. Effect of chelators on Zn concentration (mg kg-1 DW) in plant organs of sunflower and Indian mustard plants grown on the two soils under study: Application of EDTA, CA and HA increased Zn concentrations in plant organs of sunflower and Indian mustard plants. However, the order of different chelators on increasing Zn concentrations in plants was: EDTA > CA > HA in both studied soils. The concentrations of Zn in different plant parts increased with increasing EDTA and CA levels up to the highest level used (4.5 and 9.0 mmol kg-1 soil, respectively). Application of 4.5 mmol EDTA kg-1 soil recorded the highest concentrations of Zn in both plant parts in both soils as compared to control. These increases amounted by 1.21, 1.51, 1.39 and 1.15 folds in Abu Rawash soil and by 1.26, 1.96, 1.55 and 1.13 folds in Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soil, respectively, for sunflower plant. Whereas, these increases amounted by 26.28, 91.30, 77.00 and 15.75% in Abu Rawash soil and by 43.30, 90.82, 83.08 and 11.19% in Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soil, respectively, for Indian mustard plant. 5. Effect of chelators on Zn uptake (mg plant-1) by sunflower and Indian mustard plants grown on the two soils under study: Application of CA and HA treatment increased Zn uptake of sunflower plants (mg plant-1) as compared to EDTA treatment in Abu Rawash soil. Whilst, a contrary trend was found in Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soil where EDTA increased Zn uptake (mg plant-1) as compared to CA and HA. Application of 3 mmol CA kg-1 soil had the highest values of total uptake of Zn by plant in Abu Rawash soil (29.39% increase over control), while application of 3 mmol EDTA kg-1 soil had the highest uptake of Zn by sunflower in Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soil (32.45% increase over control). Regarding to Indian mustard plant, application of chelator treatments significantly increased the total uptake of different plant parts in both soils. However, application of EDTA and CA treatments increased total uptake of Zn (mg plant-1) by plants as compared to HA treatment. Increasing the applied rate of EDTA and CA treatments up to the highest levels used (4.5 and 9 mmol kg-1 soil, respectively) resulted in increasing Zn uptake by Indian mustard plants in both studied soils. 5.6. Effect of chelators on Pb roots concentration (mg kg-1 DW) of sunflower and Indian mustard plants grown on the two soils under study: Application of EDTA and CA treatments increased Pb concentrations in roots of both plants compared to HA treatment in both soils (the order was: EDTA > CA > HA). However, Pb concentrations in both plants roots increased with increasing EDTA and CA levels in both soils. The highest values of Pb concentration in roots of both plants were obtained due to using 4.5 mmol EDTA kg-1 soil in both studied soils, respectively. The increments for sunflower were 2.37 and 2.00 folds compared to control in Abu Rawash and Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soils, and the increments for Indian mustard were 2.48 and 2.10 folds compared to control in Abu Rawash and Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soils. 5.7. Effect of chelators on Pb roots uptake (mg plant-1) of sunflower and Indian mustard plants grown on the two soils under study: The uptake of Pb (mg plant-1) by both plant roots due to EDTA and CA treatments application were increased compared to HA treatment in both soils. The uptake of Pb (mg plant-1) by roots of both plant species due to application of chelator treatments were in the order: EDTA > CA > HA in both soils. The highest values of Pb uptake by Indian mustard and sunflower roots in both studied soils were realized by addition of 4.5 mmol EDTA kg-1soil. Where, the increments in Abu Rawash and Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soils were 1.55 and 1.40 folds for sun flower roots and 1.80 and 1.58 folds for Indian mustard roots as compared to control respectively. 5.8. Effect of chelators on Cu, Zn and Pb leaching (mg pot-1) under cultivation of sunflower and Indian mustard plants in the two soils under study: EDTA had abnormal effects on Cu, Zn and Pb leaching than that of CA and HA in both soils, causing serious environmental threat due to the leaching of metals towards groundwater. CA also has a similar effect to that of EDTA, but to a lesser extent, on the leaching of these metals. HA levels did not affect any of metal leaching studied in both soil used. The highest values of Cu, Zn and Pb leaching (mg pot-1) under cultivation of both plants were obtained using EDTA at a level of 4.5 mmol kg-1 soil. The corresponding increases were 53.44, 56.28 and 61.10 folds over control in Abu Rawash soil and 45.81, 38.81 and 54.72 folds over control in Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soil, respectively, under sunflower cultivation. Whereas, the corresponding increases were 50.83, 44.33 and 74.81 folds over control in Abu Rawash soil and 61.83, 38.30 and 62.92 folds over control in Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soil, respectively, under Indian mustard cultivation. 5.9. Residual effect of chelators on Indian mustard dry weight (g plant-1) grown on the two studied soils: the obtained results demonstrated that no significant or perceptible differences in dry weight of any Indian mustard plant parts were found due to previous application of EDTA, CA and HA treatments in both soils. 5.10. Residual effect of chelators on Cu concentration (mg kg-1 DW) in plant organs and Cu uptake (mg plant-1) by Indian mustard grown on the two soils under study: Previous application of EDTA has significant residual effects on Cu concentrations in some Indian mustard organs in both studied soils. On the other hand no significant residual effect was found on Cu concentrations in different plant parts due to previous application of different levels of CA and HA in both soils. The highest concentrations of Cu in Indian mustard organs were obtained when EDTA was previously applied at 4.5 mmol kg-1 soil in both soils, where the corresponding increases percentage for roots, stems, leaves and seeds compared to control were 23.08, 29.07, 36.05 and 8.33% compared to control in Abu Rawash soil and by 9.63, 26.04, 40.38 and 13.60% in Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soil, respectively. Previous application of EDTA significantly increased Cu uptake by Indian mustard (mg plant-1) in both tested soils. Anyway, previous application of 4.5 mmol EDTA kg-1 soil recorded the highest values of total Cu uptake (mg plant-1) by plants in both soils, where the corresponding increases percentage compared to control were 15.70 and 15.59% in Abu Rawash and Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soils, respectively. 5.11. Residual effect of chelators on Zn concentration (mg kg-1 DW) in plant organs and Zn uptake (mg plant-1) by Indian mustard grown on the two soils under study: applications of EDTA treatment increased Zn concentrations in plants as compared to CA and HA treatments, and this effect was increased with increasing EDTA addition rates up to 4.5 mmol kg-1 soil in both soils. While, no significant residual effect on Zn concentration in plant parts were found due to previous application of CA or HA in both soils. However, previous application of 4.5 mmol EDTA kg-1 soil achieved the highest concentrations of Zn in plant parts in both soils, except for roots and seeds in Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soil. Regarding to Zn uptake (mg plant-1) by Indian mustard, the highest values of total uptake of Zn by plants were obtained due to previous application of 4.5 mmol EDTA kg-1soil and the corresponding increases as compared to control were 6.48 and 9.00% in Abu Rawash and Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soils, respectively.5.12. Residual effect of chelators on Pb roots concentration (mg kg-1 DW) and Pb roots uptake (mg plant-1) of Indian mustard plant grown on the two soils under study: Previous application of EDTA treatment increased the mean values of Pb concentrations in plant roots (mg plant-1) compared with CA and HA treatments in both studied soils. However, this effect was insignificant in both soils. Previous application of different CA or HA levels did not prove any significant or obvious effect on Pb concentration in roots in both soils. The highest concentrations of Pb in plant roots were obtained when EDTA was previously applied at 4.5 mmol kg-1 soil in Abu Rawash soil (20.43% increase over control) and 1.5 mmol kg-1 in Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soil (6.42% increase over control). -Previous application of EDTA increased Pb uptake by roots (mg plant-1) in both soils as compared with CA and HA treatments, but this effect was insignificant in both studied soil. Previous application of CA and HA levels in any soil did not prove any significant or perceptible effect on Pb uptake by plant roots. 5.16. Resedial effect of chelators on Cu, Zn and Pb leaching (mg pot-1) under Indian mustard cultivation in the two soils under study: Previous application of EDTA and CA increased Cu, Zn and Pb in the leachate compared with HA treatment. The leaching of Cu, Zn and Pb due to previous applications of EDTA was many times higher than that of CA. The highest values of Cu, Zn and Pb leaching (mg pot-1) were obtained when EDTA was previously added at the rate of 4.5 mmol kg-1 in both soils, where the corresponding increases as compared to control were 6.79, 6.29 and 3.31 folds in Abu Rawash soil and were 4.45, 6.22 and 4.36 folds in Al-Gabal Al-Asfar soil, respectively. It can be concluded that: •EDTA had the highest efficacy on enhancing Cu and Zn absorption by sunflower and Indian mustard plants. Application of CA also increased Cu and Zn absorption by both plant species, while HA was only efficient to increase Zn absorption by both plant species. The high concentrations of Cu and Zn in the plant organs due to applying EDTA compared to the other chelators induced toxicity, so reduced the dry matter of these organs. •The overall results demonstrated that sunflower was more efficient than Indian mustard in the phytoextraction of Cu and Zn from polluted soils. Indian mustard had the ability to accumulate Pb in its roots than sunflower plant. •Using CA for the phytoremediation of Cu as well as CA and HA for the phytoremediation of Zn is favorable than EDTA despite the high efficiency of EDTA, due to either its harmful effect of high rates on plant growth or its increment effect of groundwater contamination risk via metal leaching. -•Phytoextraction of Pb was failed even with EDTA, CA and HA chelators addition, where there were neither any perceptible concentrations of Pb in the above ground portion of Indian mustard plant parts. •EDTA can persist in soil for long periods of time because of its low biodegradability compared to CA and HA. Consequently, EDTA can enhance the phytoremediation of metals from contaminated soil in two successive seasons after addition once in the first season. However, its prolonged presence in the soil, and its non-selective nature, dramatically increase the leaching risk of heavy metals

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علاج بعض الأراضي المصرية الملوثة بالعناصر الصثقيلة باستخدام بعض النباتات المجمعة لهذه العناصر

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[{"name_ar":"جمعة لبيب أحمد","title_ar":"اشراف","title_en":"Supervision"},{"name_ar":"فاروق إبراهيم زين","title_ar":"اشراف","title_en":"Supervision"},{"name_ar":"محمد سعد عبد الستار رمضان","title_ar":"اعداد","title_en":"Preparation"},{"name_ar":"محمد وجدي محمد العجرودي","title_ar":"اشراف","title_en":"Supervision"}]

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Phytoremediation of Some Egyptian Soils Polluted with Heavy Metals

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ترجمة الملخص

أُجريت ثلاث تجارب أصص في صوبة سلكية بمحطة البحوث الزراعية بسخا - محافظة كفر الشيخ بهدف دراسة كفاءة استخلاص النحاس والزنك والرصاص من التربة الملوثة باستخدام نباتي عباد الشمس والخردل الهندي تحت تأثير بعض المخلبات المضافة. أُجريت تجربتان لدراسة تأثير بعض المواد المخلبية [حامض الستريك (CA) وحامض الهيوميك (HA) وإيثيلين دي أمين تترا أسيتيك أسيد (EDTA)] على كفاءة استخلاص النحاس والزنك والرصاص بواسطة نبات عباد الشمس (موسم صيف 2013) ونبات الخردل الهندي (موسم شتاء 2013/2014) من ناحية، وعلى غسيل هذه المعادن من التربة من ناحية أخرى. كما أُجريت التجربة الثالثة (موسم الشتاء 2013/2014) لدراسة الأثر المتبقي من المواد المخلبية المضافة إلى تجربة عباد الشمس (في الموسم الأول) - دون إضافة مواد أخرى - على كفاءة استخلاص المعادن موضوع الدراسة بواسطة الخردل الهندي وسلوك الغسيل لهذه المعادن من التربة. ومن أهم النتائج المتحصل عليها ما يلي: تأثير المخلبات المضافة على الوزن الجاف لنباتات عباد الشمس والخردل الهندي المنزرعة في الأراضي موضع الدراسة: أدت إضافة كل من حامضي الستريك والهيوميك بتركيزات معينة (3 ملي مول/كجم تربة و6 ملي مول/كجم تربة على التوالي) إلى زيادة الوزن الجاف للأجزاء النباتية لنباتات عباد الشمس مقارنة بالـ EDTA في كلا الأرضين. في المقابل، أظهرت إضافة الـ EDTA انخفاضًا في الوزن الجاف لنباتات عباد الشمس في كلا الأرضين مقارنة بالكنترول، بالإضافة إلى ظهور بعض علامات التسمم على النباتات النامية، خصوصًا عند التركيزات العالية من الـ EDTA. أدى استخدام الهيوميك بمعدل 0.6 جم/كجم تربة إلى الحصول على أعلى قيمة للوزن الجاف لنبات الخردل الهندي. تأثير المخلبات المضافة على تركيز النحاس في الأجزاء النباتية المختلفة لنباتات عباد الشمس والخردل الهندي: أدت إضافة كل من الـ EDTA وحامض الستريك إلى زيادة تركيزات النحاس في الأجزاء النباتية المختلفة لنباتي عباد الشمس والخردل الهندي مقارنة بمعاملات حامض الهيوميك في كلا الأرضين. كان التأثير أقوى في حالة الـ EDTA، حيث أدى إلى زيادة تركيزات النحاس في الجذور والسيقان والأوراق والبذور بمعدلات مرتفعة مقارنة بالكنترول. تأثير المخلبات المضافة على امتصاص النحاس (مجم/نبات) بواسطة نباتات عباد الشمس والخردل الهندي: أدت معاملات الـ EDTA وحامض الستريك إلى زيادة امتصاص النحاس بواسطة الأجزاء النباتية المختلفة والامتصاص الكلي للنبات والمزال من النحاس بواسطة الأجزاء الهوائية للنباتات. لم يكن هناك تأثير واضح للهيوميك على امتصاص النحاس بواسطة كلا النوعين من النباتات في كلا الأرضين. أدى الـ EDTA بتركيز 4.5 ملي مول/كجم تربة إلى تحقيق أعلى قيم للامتصاص الكلي للنحاس في كلا الأرضين. تأثير المخلبات المضافة على تركيز الزنك في الأجزاء النباتية المختلفة لنباتات عباد الشمس والخردل الهندي: أدت إضافة كل من الـ EDTA وحامضي الهيوميك والستريك إلى زيادة تركيزات الزنك في الأجزاء النباتية المختلفة لنباتات عباد الشمس والخردل الهندي. كان ترتيب المواد المخلبية من حيث التأثير على زيادة تركيز الزنك كالتالي: EDTA > حامض الستريك > حامض الهيوميك. تأثير المخلبات المضافة على امتصاص الزنك (مجم/نبات) بواسطة نباتات عباد الشمس والخردل الهندي: أدت إضافة حامضي الستريك والهيوميك إلى زيادة امتصاص الزنك بواسطة نباتات عباد الشمس مقارنة بالـ EDTA في أرض أبو رواش. في المقابل، في أرض الجبل الأصفر، أدى الـ EDTA إلى زيادة امتصاص الزنك مقارنة بحامضي الستريك والهيوميك. تأثير المخلبات المضافة على تركيز الرصاص في جذور نباتات عباد الشمس والخردل الهندي: أدت إضافة كل من الـ EDTA وحامض الستريك إلى زيادة تركيزات الرصاص في جذور النباتات مقارنة بحامض الهيوميك. كان ترتيب المواد المخلبية من حيث التأثير على زيادة تركيزات الرصاص كالتالي: EDTA > حامض الستريك > حامض الهيوميك. تأثير المخلبات المضافة على امتصاص الرصاص بواسطة جذور نباتات عباد الشمس والخردل الهندي: أدى الـ EDTA إلى زيادة امتصاص الرصاص بواسطة الجذور مقارنة بحامض الهيوميك في كلا الأرضين. تأثير المخلبات المضافة على رشح النحاس والزنك والرصاص من التربة: كان للـ EDTA تأثير قوي جدًا على رشح وغسيل هذه المعادن من التربة مقارنة بمعاملات حامضي الستريك والهيوميك، مما قد يسبب مخاطر بيئية شديدة نتيجة انتقال هذه المعادن إلى المياه الجوفية. التأثير المتبقي للمخلبات المضافة على الوزن الجاف لنبات الخردل الهندي: لم يكن هناك تأثير متبقي معنوي أو ملموس على الوزن الجاف لنباتات الخردل الهندي نتيجة الإضافات السابقة من الـ EDTA أو حامضي الستريك والهيوميك في كلا الأرضين. التأثير المتبقي للمخلبات المضافة على تركيز النحاس في الأجزاء النباتية المختلفة وامتصاصه بواسطة نبات الخردل الهندي: كان للـ EDTA تأثير متبقي معنوي على زيادة تركيزات النحاس في بعض الأجزاء النباتية المختلفة للخردل الهندي، بينما لم يكن لحامضي الستريك والهيوميك تأثير معنوي على تركيزات النحاس في الأجزاء النباتية المختلفة. الاستنتاجات: يعد الـ EDTA أكثر المخلبات كفاءة في استخلاص المعادن الثقيلة (النحاس، الزنك، والرصاص) من التربة ولكنه قد يشكل مخاطر بيئية بسبب زيادة رشح هذه المعادن. يمكن استخدام حامضي الستريك والهيوميك كبدائل أكثر أمانًا لتحقيق استخلاص فعال مع تقليل المخاطر البيئية. لم يكن هناك تأثير متبقي واضح للمخلبات على الوزن الجاف للنباتات في المواسم اللاحقة.

كلمات الباحثين

Phytoremediation - Soils Polluted - Heavy Metals

إشراف وإعداد

الإشراف

جمعة لبيب أحمد, فاروق إبراهيم زين, محمد وجدي محمد العجرودي

الإعداد

محمد سعد عبد الستار رمضان

الاقتباسات الببليوغرافية