Plant-Derived Anti-Malarial Agents: In vitro Inhibition of Hemozoin Synthesis by Extracts of Salvia Palaestina

الموضوعات

علوم تطبيقية وتكنولوجية

الملخص

Malaria is an infectious disease that has drawn worldwide attention due to the alarming rise of mortality rates particularly in developing countries, where young children and pregnant women are at higher risk. The malaria parasite is a multi-stage one celled organism, called Plasmodium, which has co-evolved in mosquitoes and vertebrates for millions of years. The most common and lethal type of malaria infection is caused by Plasmodium falciparum. According to world malaria report and the latest WHO estimates, there were more than 219 million cases of malaria in 2010and an estimated 660, 000 deaths, where Africa is the most affected continent. Designing drugs that substantially and persistentlyinterrupt the life cycle of this complex parasite will require acomprehensive understanding of its biology. The major concern in the treatment of malaria at present is the increasing resistance of the malaria parasite P. falciparumto anti-malarial drugs, particularly chloroquine, and this situation has been intensified by the increasing spread of drug-resistant P. falciparumstrains.There are many targets in the fight against this dreadful disease,but our target is the intra-erythrocytic stage in the parasite’s life cycle, during this stage,Plasmodium parasites reside inside the host erythrocytes degrading hemoglobin resulting in the accumulation of free heme; Ferriprotoporphyrin (IX), toxic to the parasite that is capable of generating oxygen radicals. The detoxification of the heme is through its incorporation into an insoluble crystal called hemozoin or malaria pigment. ivβ-Hematin, a synthetic polymer made from Ferriprotoporphyrin-IXis structurally, chemically and spectroscopically identical to purified hemozoin, a polymer for in vitrostudies inanti-malarial drug research.Natural products have played a key role in the discovery of leads for the development of drugs for malaria. Quinine, the original natural product used in anti-malarial therapy was isolated from Cinchona tree bark.This investigation aims to explore the activity of Palestinian herb (Salvia palaestina)(Maramia) as anti-malarial agent thatprevents the formation ofβ-hematinin vitrounder specific chemical and physiochemical conditions.In this study the alcohol extracts of; salvia palaestina(Maramia)and Achillea Fragrantissima (Qaysom), were all screened for potential anti-malarial activity using a semi-quantitative in vitromethod developed by E. Deharo.These plants were collected from areas around Jerusalem.Two otherdifferent sea weeds; Ulva fascianta andCladophora aegagropila were all collected fromJaffa coast.Any tested plant extract with a positive result was also tested for their anti-malarial activity by a self-developed quantitative method.This investigation is the first report on the effect of Palestinian salvia palaestinaextracts on the formation of the β–hematin. In this research itwas found that salvia palaestinahas the capability to impede the formation of β-hematin in in vitrosystems. With very promising results, significant activity in inhibiting the formation of β-hematin in vitroat concentrationof0.3mg/ml when compared to the negative controls, water and 35% ethanol and the positive controls chloroquine, Amodiaquine and 2-mercaptopyrimidine. Sage has been an important medicinal plant since earliest times, with the most typical form of application as infusion with vboiling water (sage tea). It has value as a carminative, spasmolytic, antiseptic, astringent, and is used against variety of complaints, and now being tested for anti-malarial activity.Further investigations on the ability of salvia palaestinato inhibit β-hematinformation were performed usingBlauerand Akkawi quantitative test which confirmed the previous results obtained, with β-hematin inhibition efficiency 71.7% comparedto CQ 93% and negative control water 11%.Attempts weredone to try to separate the active compound from the crude extract by using preparative chromatography coupled with photo diode array (PDA) detector, eight fractions were obtained. In order to identify which fraction has the anti-malarial activity, they were screened using E. Deharo semi-quantitative method. Moreover, combinations of the fractions were also tested. Different combinations of these fractions were also tested using the same method.FourierTransform Infrared (FTIR)spectrum for the fractions was done as a first step in identificationofthe active ingredient. Further work is needed to identify the active compoundsin salvia palaestinausing Gas chromatography–mass spectrometryGC-MS, Nuclear magnetic resonance NMR andelemental analysis

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التعريف والنوع

رقم الوثيقة

0d8ec1e9-b8a6-49d3-a370-862514c2453f

رقم العقد

0

نوع الوسائط

Crawler

نوع المحتوى

الرسائل العلمية

صيغة المصدر

رسائل ماجيستير

نوع الملف

pdf text

أسماء الملفات

1696445_1.pdf

بيانات النشر

ترجمة العنوان

مشتقات النبات كعوامل ضد الملاريا: تثبيط بناء الهيموزوين في المختبر بواسطة مستخلصات من الميرمية سالفيا بالستينا

ألقاب المؤلفين

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اللغة

English

المصدر والدورية

اسم المصدر

Plant-Derived Anti-Malarial Agents: In vitro Inhibition of Hemozoin Synthesis by Extracts of Salvia Palaestina

المحتوى والصفحات

عدد الصفحات

0

إشراف وإعداد

الإشراف

معتز عكاوي

الإعداد

سهير نبيل عزات جابر

الاقتباسات الببليوغرافية