المعارف الجغرافية عند العراقيين القدماء

الموضوعات

تاريخ

روابط وملفات

التعريف والنوع

رقم الوثيقة

0680e263-e22f-4bdf-a429-2574e6bc7763

رقم العقد

0

نوع الوسائط

Crawler

نوع المحتوى

الرسائل العلمية

صيغة المصدر

رسائل دكتوراة

نوع الملف

word

أسماء الملفات

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بيانات النشر

ترجمة العنوان

The Geographical Knowledges of Ancient Iraqis

ألقاب المؤلفين

[{"name_ar":"عامر سليمان إبراهيم","title_ar":"اشراف","title_en":"Supervision"},{"name_ar":"عامر عبدالله نجم الجميلي","title_ar":"اعداد","title_en":"Preparation"}]

اللغة

Arabic

المصدر والدورية

اسم المصدر

المعارف الجغرافية عند العراقيين القدماء

المحتوى والصفحات

عدد الصفحات

0

ترجمة الملخص

Cuneiform texts from ancient Iraq confirm the fact that ancient Iraqis had been interested in Geography and that their knowledge of Geography had been documented by them in their own style. They drew maps of cities and territories, determined distances, fixed the four cardinal points, located names of cities, seas and rivers; let alone diverse other information subsumed under the Geographical domain. Needless to mention the fact that this sort of Geographical information is more precise and reliable than other data coming out from other similar sources. Being so, is mainly due to the fact that those texts are unimaginative and only partially exaggerated. Moreover, ancient Iraqi scribes employed a peculiar approach which reflects the originality of ancient Iraqi Geographical thought that has its manifestations in the accuracy of observation, skill of choice of sound scientific criteria for drawing the maps which contributed to the scientific knowledge and man’s progress, as well as in the quanture of Geographical literature that testifies to their broad Geographic horizon and mythological outlook. Tackling this topic comes as a complement to the scientific scholarship on Iraqi civilization encompassing both humanities and pure science in ancient Iraq, and, at the same time to bring into spotlight the significance of Geographical studies to the scholars of archaeology and history for such studies help dovetail historical events and facilitate the interpretation of various artifacts. However, we have to stress the fact that the scope of our thesis does largely encompass widely scattered references that only touched upon ancient Iraqis’ Geographical Knowledges in the course of tackling some other major topics of ancient Mesopotamian civilization. The thesis is accordingly divided into five chapters: The First Chapter encompasses the ancient Iraqis perception of the formation of the universe, knowledge of orientation, chronology and chronograph, distance measurement, itineraries and the breadth of the Geographic horizon. The Second Chapter tackles the various Geographical disciplines navigated through by Ancient Iraqis such as Regional Geography, Demography, Nature Geography and cosmic Geography or astrology besides sub -branches of Geography as National Geography, political Geography, Historical Geography, and Economic Geography. As for their knowledge of climatology suffice it to mention the kaleidoscopic panorama of terms and concepts Negarding meteorology in texts dealing with such subjects as astronomy (star observation),timing of planting and harvesting, knowledge of timing of planting and harvesting, knowledge of climatological element such as temperature, precipitation, seasonal shifts, wind movements, storms, tempests, hurricanes, floods, the deluge, water, bodies, draught, salinity, water scarcity, water profusion, meteorology, weather shifts, clouds, fog density, snow and hail, coldness, chilliness, heat of weather, water springs, subterranian waters and sweet underground water. Ancient Iraqis had also cared for land’s terrain, the so named Topography to which they paid a great attention for we find in their texts reference to various lands features such as their description of mountains, plains, deserts, water courses, rivers, seas besides their provisions of names denoting these geographical features. Their sculpture and relief also project mountains, marshes, seas, falls and rivers, etc. The Third Chapter entitled “Interest of the Ancient Mesopotamians in maps and Charts’ Drawing”, deals with the various cartographic concerns of Ancient Iraqis as they were acquainted with various kinds of maps and schetches which included property or detailed maps termed as cadastra, Agricultural maps, Topographic maps, city maps, Foundation-plan maps besides the Babylonian World Map and astrological maps. The Fourth Chapter entitled “The Geographical Lists”, expounds these lists which have been left to us by the Mesopotamian scribes and which provide lists of names of the cities, regions, countries, mountains, seas, rivers, channels, temples, tribes and nations formulating what we may term as an Atlas of many sites of the Ancient Near East. The Fifth Chapter tracks Geographical perceptions in the Mesopotamian works of art, for the ancient Iraqi artist succeeded in representing various natural scenery which projects the natural environment, the topography and lands’ Geographical features. The chapter is supplemented by figures and plates showing the contribution of ancient Iraqi artists to this domain. This chapter is conclude by reference to the impact of the ancient Mesopotamians Geographical thought on the Geographical thought of other nations such as Greek and Phoenicians. To end with, the researcher added the further benefit of providing a list of the Geographical terms in Sumerian and Akkadian as mentioned in the texts on Geographical Literature of the Ancient Iraqis besides tables of the Geographical and Regional entities, Sumerian Geographical signification signs and Meteorological Geographical deities. It emerges from the discussion we advanced so far that Iraq is the cradle of the most ancient Geographical studies and Civilizations.

إشراف وإعداد

الإشراف

عامر سليمان إبراهيم

الإعداد

عامر عبدالله نجم الجميلي

الاقتباسات الببليوغرافية