الحملات المصرية علي بلاد النوبة من الأسرة الرابعة حتي نهاية الأسرة العشرية 2613 - 1069 ق. م

الموضوعات

تاريخ

روابط وملفات

التعريف والنوع

رقم الوثيقة

045ada99-55c3-4f2f-bc4c-4199e5724246

رقم العقد

0

نوع الوسائط

Crawler

نوع المحتوى

الرسائل العلمية

صيغة المصدر

رسائل ماجيستير

نوع الملف

pdf text

أسماء الملفات

1959426_1.pdf

بيانات النشر

ترجمة العنوان

The Egyptian campaigns to Nubia from the 4th-20 th dynasties (2613-1069 B.C)

ألقاب المؤلفين

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اللغة

Arabic

المصدر والدورية

اسم المصدر

الحملات المصرية علي بلاد النوبة من الأسرة الرابعة حتي نهاية الأسرة العشرية 2613 - 1069 ق. م

المحتوى والصفحات

عدد الصفحات

0

ترجمة الملخص

Egypt has lived many eras that had a great influence on the progress of the Egyptian man and building his civilization which is considered from the most ancient, most original and most genuine civilization in the world. Historical eras started in Egypt when Egyptians invented writing (3200 B.C) and setting unity and political stability between north and south by King”Narmer” through many tries exerted by his predecessors. Afterwards, Egypt moved to the „old era‟(3100-2686 B.C)in which ruled the first dynasty and the second. At this time, Egyptians developed arts and organized the management, also copper was extracted from Sinai. And moved to Nubiaarea to exploit its resources: oils, abanos, animal skin, wood and gold. „The old Kingdoms‟(2686-2181 B.C)comes after where from the third to the sixth dynasties ruled. In that era, the number of huge buildings increased. Building has improved noticeably reflected on changing graveyards shapefrom a rectangular bar to a graded one named: the graded pyramid then developed to the complete pyramid shape, that‟s why this era named” the era of pyramid building‟. This era featured stability and growth and relations development between Egypt and Nubiastate where King „ Sneferu‟(2613-2589 B.C)sent an expedition to the south to behave some Nubiatribes in the south. He, by this expedition captured thousands of hostages. The era of the fifth dynasty(2494-2345 B.C)featured a religious tendency by increase of sun worship population of god „Ra‟. Besides, there was no strong barriers between kings and statesmen who had the right to build huge ornamented graveyards.Add to that the extension of business trips and external trade during the reign of this dynasty, thus kings sent peaceful expeditions to Nubiaare to make use of mines and obtain raw materials. However, in the reign of the sixth dynasty(2345-2181 B.C), the Egyptian authority started to weaken gradually and statesmen received many privileges in addition to governing provinces that belonged to their influence as being kings in their areas. Prominent trends at the reign of these dynasties were the many trade expeditions sent by kingslead by Aswan governors to Nubiaare to obtain their products where these kings were obliged sometimes to send behaving expeditions against assaulting tribes. The weakness in the rule of Egyptian rulers ended the state of the old era then it was suggested to be named as „the first transition era‟(2181-2055 B.C) which lasted from the reign of the seventh to the tenth dynasty.In that era, Egypt has lived a social revolution demanded the rights of the Egyptian people. Add to that at that time the conflict between Ahnasia rulers on the north and Tebarulers on the south to control the Egyptian throne.This dispute has come to an end by the beginning of the eleventh dynasty and the „Middle Kingdom‟ (2055-1795 B.C) and Egypt has claimed its union as well as its kings and Sultans. Political stability went hand in hand with trade, industry and art growth. Agriculture has developed by setting many irrigation projects by the twelfth dynasty. Also, relations between Egypt and neighboring countries have improved, because of that, many expeditions went to Sinai to extract copper and turquoise and to Hamamaat valley to bring necessary stones for building. In addition to many military expeditions to behave Nubia people and extract gold and secure south borders of Egypt and install Egyptian influence by constructing many fortresses. The reign of the middle state has ended by a national crisis where people from Asia invaded Egypt named Hyksos and they could occupy Egypt for 50 years where they allied with Nubians who exploited this status quo and established an independent kingdom, Koush and stopped sending their resources to Egypt. Egyptian people struggled harshly to free their country from Hyksos invasion and Saeed rules shouldered the greatest amount of that operation where the last of them was “Ahmose”(1550-1525 B.C)who succeeded in dismissing Hyksos from the state and he could eliminate the force of provinces governors and because of that Ahmosewas considered the founder of the eighteenth dynasty and the first king of the New Kingdom(1550-1069 B.C). At that period, Egypt‟s kings followed a new policy that depends on assault and best tool for defense. They sent expeditions to restore control on Nubiaarea and assigned a king called‟son of king Koush‟. Since then, that area was dyed by the Egyptian dye by the proof of abundance of temples here and there which had a great role in spreading the Egyptian culture in Nubia. Although king Amenophis (Akhnaton‟s) (1352-1336 B.C) leave to his new preach and weakness that the country reached at that time, Nubia people remained loyal to Egypt and kept sending gifts to it. Kings of the nineteenth dynasty(1295-1186 B.C)concentrated on creating many facilities in many places in Egypt, where border expansion went on during the reign of this dynasty, too. It seems that stability overruled at that time in Nubia area where King Ramses II(1279-1213 B.C)repaired the routes leading to gold mines, this status continued until the reign of the twentieth dynasty(1186-1069 B.C)and Egypt at that time had been tried to be invaded by sea people. However, Ramses III(1184-1153 B.C)could defeat them and restored stability to the country as Nubia area remained under Egyptian control. After Ramses III, there was a number of weak kings. In their reign, the fight between the spiritual and time authorities appeared. In the end, one of highest priests named ‟Herihor‟ could reach the throne to end the twentieth dynasty and the modern state era in order Egypt to start a new period of its history which is the period of latest movement or the latest period(1069-332 B.C)

إشراف وإعداد

الإشراف

براءة معروف صقور

الإعداد

داليا أحمد عبود

الاقتباسات الببليوغرافية