سياسة إيطاليا الاستيطانية تجاه ليبيا 1911-1943

الموضوعات

تاريخ

الملخص

روابط وملفات

التعريف والنوع

رقم الوثيقة

02b24106-1301-4bd6-91d1-f2c36039f189

رقم العقد

0

نوع الوسائط

Crawler

نوع المحتوى

الرسائل العلمية

صيغة المصدر

رسائل ماجيستير

نوع الملف

pdf text

أسماء الملفات

999846_1.pdf

بيانات النشر

ترجمة العنوان

Italian Imperialistic Politic in Libya 1911-1943

ألقاب المؤلفين

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اللغة

Arabic

المصدر والدورية

اسم المصدر

سياسة إيطاليا الاستيطانية تجاه ليبيا 1911-1943

المحتوى والصفحات

عدد الصفحات

0

ترجمة الملخص

In 1871, the colonialism attitude in Italian history matched with national unity. Also, it can be a cause of its growth. A strong attitude called for this young state to have a place among big states, as a strong state defines with its imperials, in addition to emigration and travelling of natives to other countries, which Italy suffers from, having a big effect during the last years of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. This caused the appearance of national movements encouraging the imperial colonial idea, which made emigrations under the control of Italian domination. Italy pointed to the north of Africa, towards Tunisia and Libya, but the occupation of Tunisia by France in 1881 shifted attention towards Libya. For that reason, Italy began to arrange a suitable environment matching its profits. At the same time, Italy tried to enter this country safely by supporting it economically and culturally, then creating a cloak for occupying Libya militarily. The Ottoman attitude, especially after “Turkia al-Fatat,” which refused all Italian requirements to get distinctions for Italian people inside Libya, was a cause of a crisis between Italy and the Ottoman state, as it blocked Italian profits inside Libya. In order not to lose the chance to occupy Libya, Italy declared war against the Ottoman state in Libya in September 1911. Italy waged a long war to dominate Libyan lands over twenty years after Italian forces occupied the middle and south of Tripoli and controlled important areas. They suffered great losses in 1914 and 1915 because of the unity of national entities all over Libya. Italy’s existence was limited to certain points on the Libyan coast. The military situation became more difficult when Italy entered the First World War because it had to call part of its forces to Europe. Despite the difficulty of the military situation, Italy had to implement an economic program inside Libya to justify the reality of occupation. Because of the small Libyan population, it allowed an imperial program. Due to Libya’s limited economic resources, Italy considered agricultural growth as the best economic way to make the colony successful, which required huge costs to develop this area. The period before the First World War witnessed the Italian government sending scientific expeditions to Libya to conduct geological studies to know the agricultural potential of this land. Based on these studies, Italy started a work program. According to these studies, Italy contributed 3,613 out of 9,313 hectares which were entered into Italian government possession for Italian farmers after they were confiscated in different ways. However, this program didn’t continue because of the difficulty of the military situation, which made these efforts produce limited results. With the rise of Fascism to the government in Italy in 1922, the political colony in Libya witnessed significant developments, whereas Libya was governed by Fascism. The rulers believed in the use of force to realize their aims. One of them was Giuseppe Volpi, and General Emilio de Bono (1921–1928), whose period was distinguished by the reoccupation of Libya and Italian authority to provide a safe and suitable atmosphere, opening the door for imperialistic plans. Laws that granted legislation for wide lands entered into Italian possession. Many lands were contributed to Italian investors through attempts to invest Italian capital by cultivating wide lands through a program called the “economic settlement program.” The high cost of land development was a significant motive for choosing this kind of imperialism because the cost per hectare was 1,500–3,500 Italian lira. Therefore, the choice was an economic imperialism, depending on Italian capital to support investors through the production of cheap lands, tax facilitation, and governmental support via technical help and debts. Imperialism occupied an important consideration for Italian leaders. Mussolini’s visit to Libya in 1926 was an intensification of that policy. Since that time, Libya was pointed out as an Italian district that could be used for solving Italian problems, such as unemployment and population crowding in the countryside. After Mussolini’s visit, in 1928 new laws were issued granting imperial lands in Tripoli and Barqa for Italian families to cultivate with government support. These lands were divided into two kinds: human imperial and development, which should be managed by a family or more according to the land area and distinctions. The basis of imperial possession during this period was government ownership of wide lands and laws that arranged imperial progress. From 1928 to 1933, the focus was on Italian families residing wherever land was available. This period is called the period of human imperialism. The imperial operation did not confine itself to the west of Libya but expanded to the east. After the end of Libyan opposition by Omar Al-Mukhtar’s execution in 1931, wide agricultural lands, represented by the Green Mountains, were used for imperial operations. After that, a new period began. It was the most important period of Italian imperial history in Libya, during which the government undertook imperial operations and considered Italian imperial existence in Libya a basic necessity to achieve the strategic aim of building an Italian empire in Africa. The Italian government accredited two entities, Libyan Construction and ANPIS, with strong governmental support, preparing many Italian emigrants—more than thirty thousand during 1939 and 1940. However, Italy’s focus on the Second World War blocked these plans because the priority was for military programs over capital and human resources. Italy’s loss in the Second World War and its retreat from western Tripoli in 1943 put a limit on the Italian dream of building an imperial colony in Libya. According to all that, we can say that what Italy arranged during three decades of continuous imperial work was destroyed by its loss in the Second World War.

كلمات الباحثين

إيطاليا, ليبيا, الاستعمار, الإمبريالية, الهجرة, السياسات الاقتصادية, الفاشية, الأراضي الزراعية, الاحتلال العسكري, القرن العشرين

إشراف وإعداد

الإشراف

حسن عبد علي الطائي

الإعداد

كوثر عبيد هاشم المعموري

الاقتباسات الببليوغرافية